Endogenous Endophthalmitis with Panophthalmitis – case report

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Endophthalmitis is defined as inflammation of the internal ocular structures and it could be of exogenous or endogenous origin. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (EBE) accounts for about 2%-6% of all cases and occurs during bacteremia when infective agent penetrates the blood- ocular barriers.. Endogenous panophthalmitis (EP) results in the most extensive ocular involvement withinflammation of periocular tissues . All therapeutic options are aimed to stop the spreading of infective inflammation from orbital space into cavernous sinus and is considered to be a life saving treatment

Long-term outcomes in patients with aortic regurgitation in the Zagreb University Hospital Centre

Introduction: Age and gender may influence the incidence of aortic regurgitation (AR) and its severity. Significant aortic regurgitation (sAR) is often treated surgically especially when symptomatic or when systolic function declines.1 The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes in patients with sAR according to treatment strategy, age and gender differences in our study population. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective descriptive single-centre study an overall of 107 patients (22 female, 85 male) with significant AR in the last 5 years were analyzed. Patients were treated according to valid recommendations, surgically (SUR) or conservatively (CON), except for 5 patients who refused surgery. Baseline and follow up (FU) data (AR severity, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), ascending aorta diameter (AA), treatment, comorbidities and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during FU), from documented medical history and digital imaging data were collected and analysed. Additional sub-analysis was performed according to sex and age differences (above vs. below the age of 50). For statistical analysis a Chi-Square test was used. Results: In the overall study population, during an average FU of 3.8 years, 16 patients (15%) developed MACE with no statistically significant difference between gender (p=0.846). Forty-six (43%) patients were surgically treated (87% male, 13% female) and 61 (54%) conservatively. LVEF did not worsen in FU period (54.1%, vs. 53.8%). In SUR, median age was 54 years, severe AR was present in 93%, incidence of MACE was 21.7%, 80.4% patients were symptomatic and 14.5% had dilatation of AA more than 50 mm. In CON, MACE was present in 9.8% during FU (p=0.87), median age was 64 years. Moderate AR (48% vs 6.5%) and AA from 40-49 mm (80 vs 35%) was present more frequently as well as arterial hypertension (82 vs 70%) and chronic renal disease (23.2 vs 16.6%). The incidence of MACE was not found to be agerelated (p=0.426). Conclusion: In patients with sAR treated by either surgery or medication therapy only, during 3.8 years of FU, LVEF remained unchanged, while incidence of MACE was not found to be related to treatment strategy nor gender. In surgically treated patients, as expected, AR was more severe and AA was more dilated, while neither age nor gender had an impact on the incidence of MACE