Correlations of FFI, FER and FLI with cognitive domains (EGM – correlations controlled for effect of group membership).

<p>* p<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001 values in bold indicate significant correlations after Holm-Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The tests used for testing each cognitive domain are closely described in the methods.</p

Differences across groups in the FLI test.

<p>The total number of correctly recognized places as familiar or unfamiliar (correct rejections) in each group is depicted. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Note: mean, median and interquartile ranges characterise performance of each group. FLI  =  Test of famous landmarks identification, SD-aMCI  =  single domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, MD-aMCI  =  multiple domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, AD  =  Alzheimer's disease dementia.</p

Differences across groups in the FFI test.

<p>The total number of faces correctly recognized as familiar or unfamiliar (correct rejections) in each group is depicted. * p<0.05. Note: mean, median and interquartile ranges characterise performance of each group. FFI  =  Test of famous faces identification, SD-aMCI  =  single domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, MD-aMCI  =  multiple domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, AD  =  Alzheimer's disease dementia.</p

Demographic characteristics of the groups.

<p>Mean values (SD); Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) trials 1–6 and AVLT Delayed Recall (AVLT 30), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Copy (ROCF - C) and Recall (ROCF – R), Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) total recall, Digit Span Backward (DSB), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, Controlled Oral Word Association (COWAT), Boston Naming Test errors (BNT err.); one-way ANOVA - between-group differences.</p>a<p>ANOVA, ^bX² test, ^cPartial eta ², ^dCramér's V, * p<.05, **<.01, ***<.001 (compared to the control group) Note: Partial eta² of 0.2 corresponds to Cohen's d of 1.0 with our sample size, Cramér's V of about 0.175 corresponds to Cohen's d of 0.356.</p

Test of famous landmarks identification.

<p>Illustration of two famous places for the Czech population and two similar but unfamiliar places. For each place, the participant decided whether the place was familiar or not.</p

Differences across groups in the FER test.

<p>The total number of correctly recognized emotions in each group is depicted. * p<0.05, *** p<0.001. Note: mean, median and interquartile ranges characterise performance of each group. FER  =  Test of facial emotions recognition, SD-aMCI  =  single domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, MD-aMCI  =  multiple domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, AD  =  Alzheimer's disease dementia.</p

Association of EDSS, MSNQ and SDMT scores with neuropsychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.

<p>Association of EDSS, MSNQ and SDMT scores with neuropsychiatric symptoms and health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.</p

Health-related quality of life, neuropsychiatric symptoms and structural brain changes in clinically isolated syndrome

<div><p>Background</p><p>Neuropsychiatric symptoms and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are frequent in multiple sclerosis, where are associated with structural brain changes, but have been less studied in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).</p><p>Objective</p><p>To characterize HRQoL, neuropsychiatric symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety, apathy and fatigue), their interrelations and associations with structural brain changes in CIS.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Patients with CIS (n = 67) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 46) underwent neurological and psychological examinations including assessment of HRQoL, neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive functioning, and MRI brain scan with global, regional and lesion load volume measurement.</p><p>Results</p><p>The CIS group had more, mostly mild, depressive symptoms and anxiety, and lower HRQoL physical and social subscores (p≤0.037). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with most HRQoL subscores (β≤-0.34, p≤0.005). Cognitive functioning unlike clinical disability was associated with depressive symptoms and lower HRQoL emotional subscores (β≤-0.29, p≤0.019). Depressive symptoms and apathy were associated with right temporal, left insular and right occipital lesion load (ß≥0.29, p≤0.032). Anxiety was associated with lower white matter volume (ß = -0.25, p = 0.045).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Mild depressive symptoms and anxiety with decreased HRQoL are present in patients with CIS. Neuropsychiatric symptoms contributing to decreased HRQoL are the result of structural brain changes and require complex therapeutic approach in patients with CIS.</p></div

Association of neuropsychiatric symptoms with health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.

<p>Association of neuropsychiatric symptoms with health-related quality of life in clinically isolated syndrome.</p

Characteristics of the study participants.

<p>Characteristics of the study participants.</p