44 research outputs found
USER EXPERIENCE WITH MODEL VALIDATION EXERCISES
Gaussian and Lagrangian model runs are evaluated in comparison to field data from the Odour Release and Odour
Dispersion project and to wind tunnel data from the Mock Urban Setting Test (MUST). Different statistical metrics are discussed.
To conclude which model performs best in the two cases, a weighted multiplier proposed by Sornette et al. (2007) is calculated
based on each metric and finally multiplied to one score per model and experiment. The results illustrate once again that a good
model performance is strongly dependent on the model input (e.g. terrain data, roughness length). Promising results are received
from a combination of the Lagrangian dispersion model LASAT with wind field simulations calculated with the CFD model
MISKAM
Dispersion categories from visual observations compared to those derived by a ceilometer system and satellite cloud cover information
Atmospheric dispersion models require information on atmospheric stability. The use of dispersion categories like the Klug/Manier scheme (German guideline) or Reuter categories (Austrian guideline) is still widespread. Although atmospheric stability can be determined by a variety of methods such as three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometers or radiation balance measurements, deriving the dispersion category from cloud cover data is still one of the most often used schemes for a parameterization. As the number of meteorological stations with visual observations is decreasing worldwide, the database for hourly observed cloud cover has come down to a few stations in Austria. In Austria, an effort is now undertaken to use both the ZAMG (6Â stations) and the ACG (approximately 50Â stations) ceilometer networks for spatially representative cloud cover and mixing height information. In this paper, ceilometer and satellite data are used to quantify cloud cover and to determine dispersion categories. The results are compared to cloud cover and dispersion categories from the visual observations. With some restrictions, a fair agreement is derived in the frequencies of dispersion categories between the different methods. This is mostly in the range between 76â% and 86â% for the Klug/Manier scheme and between 62â% and 78â% for the Reuter scheme
Wind and turbulence in the urban boundary layer analysis from acoustic remote sensing data and fit to analytical relations
Mittlere saisonale Profile der Windgeschwindigkeit, Standardabweichung der Vertikalgeschwindigkeit und der TurbulenzintensitĂ€t aus SODAR-Messungen in drei unterschiedlich groĂen StĂ€dten, Moskau, Hannover und Linz, werden mit analytischen AnnĂ€herungen fĂŒr die Prandtl- und die Ekman Schicht verglichen. Typische Eigenschaften fĂŒr diese Profile in StĂ€dten sind eine stĂ€rkere Zunahme desWindgeschwindigkeitsprofils mit der Höhe, höhere TurbulenzintensitĂ€ten und die Zunahme der Turbulenz mit der Höhe. Der analytische Ansatz, welcher von ETLING (2002) fĂŒr die Beschreibung des Windprofils in der gesamten Grenzschicht vorgeschlagen wird, wird in der Prandtl Schicht durch eine Korrekturfunktion zur BerĂŒcksichtigung der atmosphĂ€rischen StabilitĂ€t erweitert. Die erweiterte Profilbeschreibung ermöglicht die beste AnnĂ€herung an stĂ€dtische Windprofile in den untersten 500 m ĂŒber Grund
Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 4839}4851 Diurnal and annual variation of the sensation distance of odour emitted by livestock buildings calculated by the Austrian odour dispersion model (AODM)
Abstract The diurnal and annual variation of distances for di!erent odour thresholds is investigated by the dynamic Austrian odour dispersion model (AODM) consisting of an emission module, a dispersion module, and a module to calculate instantaneous odour concentrations. The e!ect of daily variations in odour production, ventilation rates and indoor air temperature are included in impact assessments. The ambient half-hour odour concentrations calculated by a regulatory Gaussian plume model are transformed to instantaneous values representative for the duration of a single breath by an attenuation function decreasing the peak-to-mean ratio with increasing wind velocity, stability, and distance from the source. The resultant distances for di!erent odour thresholds and their dependence on meteorological parameters are investigated and discussed in detail, focussing on the distance for the detection limit, 1 OU m\, the so-called sensation distance. The results suggest a stronger dependence of the sensation distance upon variation in meteorological conditions than diurnal and annual variations in odour emission rates
Environmental Odour
Environmental odour is perceived as a major nuisance by the rural and urban population [...
Thérapie somato-psycho-sociale en tant que concept global intégré utilisé dans le traitement des maladies psychosomatiques. Une étude des résultats de traitements psychosomatiques menés auprÚs de malades hospitalisés
Nach einer einleitenden Darstellung stationĂ€rer Psychotherapie wird ein mittelfristiges sechswöchiges Konzept stationĂ€rer psychosomatischer Therapie am Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern (Wien) vorgestellt. Das zugrundeliegende bio-psy-cho-soziale Krankheitsmodell spiegelt sich im medizinischen, psychotherapeutischen und sozialen Konzept der Therapiestation als interaktionales Geschehen wider. Die vorliegende Untersuchung versucht, mit Hilfe psychodiagnostischer Beurteilungsinstrumente (FAPK, GBB) VerĂ€nderungen nach stationĂ€rer, tiefenpsychologisch orientierter psychosomatischer Therapie zu erfassen. Hierzu wurden in einem Zeitraum von etwas mehr als einem Jahr (Juni 1993 - Sept. 1994) 173 Patienten erfaĂt, die am Beginn und am Ende ihres sechswöchigen stationĂ€ren Aufenthaltes getestet wurden. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse beider MeĂinstrumente profitieren die Patienten aus den Diagnosegruppen EĂstörung, Depression und funktionelle Syndrome am deutlichsten vom Behandlungsangebot. WĂ€hrend sich das Konfliktgeschehen (FAPK) dieser Patienten mit einem neurotisch gestörten RealitĂ€tsbezug nach der Behandlung signifikant verĂ€nderte und ebenso zu einer in allen Bereichen des GBB signifikanten Beschwerdereduktion fĂŒhrte, konnten die Patienten mit der Diagnose Morbus Crohn oder Colitis ulcerosa vorerst - im Einklang mit der therapeutischen Zielsetzung - fĂŒr ein psychisches Konfliktgeschehen bzw. -bewuĂtsein ansatzweise sensibilisiert werden und fĂŒhlten sich signifikant weniger erschöpft. FĂŒr die Patienten mit psychosomatischen Erkrankungen im engeren Sinn (mit OrganschĂ€digungen) scheint das Behandlungsangebot im wesentlichen eine Verbesserung des Allgemeinbefindens bewirkt zu haben. Es zeigte sich eine signifikante Verbesserung fĂŒr den Bereich Erschöpfungsneigung und Beschwerdedruck.SchlĂŒsselwörter: StationĂ€re Psychotherapie, integriertes Konzept stationĂ€rer psychosomatischer Behandlung, Regression/Progression, Ergebnisforschung, FAPK, GBB, Evaluation, Fragebögen Following an introductory of patient psychotherapy, a medium-term six week concept of inpatient psychosomatic therapy is presented at the Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern (Vienna). The basic bio-psychosocial disease model is reflected in the medical, psychotherapeutic and social concept of the therapy department as an interactive process. The present study attempts to investigate changes following inpatient psychoanalytically orientated psychosomatic therapy with the aid of psychodiagnostic evaluation instruments (FAPK, GBB). For this purpose, within a period of slightly more than one year, 173 patients were studied, being tested on the beginning and at the end of their si^eek inpatient admission. On the basis of the results of both measuring instruments, the patients with a diagnosis of eating disorders, depression and functional syndromes profit most from the treatment offered. While conflicting events of these patients with a neurotic disturbed relationship to reality significantly changed after treatment, and also resulted in significantly reduced general symptoms, patients with a diagnosis of Crohnâs disease or colitis ulcerosa, for the time being, according to the therapeutic objective set, could be sensitised to emotional conflicting events or awareness and felt significantly less exhausted. For patients with psychosomatic diseases in the narrower sense (involving organic lesions) the treatment offered seems to have effected a significant improvement in general health. A significant improvement was observed in the field of tendencies to exhaustion, and symptom load.Keywords: Inpatient psychotherapy, concept of inpatient psychosomatic therapy, regression/progression, outcome research, FAPK, GBB, evaluation, questionnaires. Ayant introduit le thĂšme de la psychothĂ©rapie en clinique, lâarticle prĂ©sente un concept Ă moyen terme concernant la thĂ©rapie psychosomatique offerte aux patients hospitalisĂ©s Ă notre hĂŽpital (Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern Ă Vienne). Le modĂšle nosographique qui a Ă©tĂ© choisi se reflĂšte au niveau dâun concept mĂ©dical, psychothĂ©rapeutique et social dans lequel le service est considĂ©rĂ© comme un ensemble dâinteractions. Pour nous, le traitement psychosomatique fondĂ© sur la psychologie des profondeurs constitue une offre thĂ©rapeutique dont la caractĂ©ristique essentielle est quâelle intĂšgre des aspects et schĂ©mas dâinteraction aux niveaux somatique, psychique et social - ceci tout au long du traitement des personnes souffrant de troubles psychosomatiques. LâĂ©tude utilise des instruments dâĂ©valuation psychodiagnostique (FAPK, GBB) pour tenter de cerner lâĂ©volution qui se produit au cours du type de traitement dĂ©crit plus haut. Dans ce but, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© 173 patients pendant une pĂ©riode dâun peu plus dâun an (juin 1993-septembre 1994), leur faisant passer des tests au dĂ©but et Ă la fin dâune hospitalisation de six semaines. LâĂ©chantillon se composait de 136 femmes et de 37 hommes, ĂągĂ©s de 17 Ă 58 ans (Ăąge moyen: 34 ans). Pour lâĂ©valuation statistique, les patients ont Ă©tĂ© regroupĂ©s en cinq classes dâĂąge (moins de 20 ans, 2029 ans, 30-39 ans, 40-49 ans et plus de 49 ans) et en cinq catĂ©gories diagnostiques (1. troubles de lâalimentation, 2. maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales [maladie de Crohn, colitis ulcerosa], 3. troubles psychosomatiques au sens Ă©troit, 4. syndromes fonctionnels et 5. dĂ©pression). Les statistiques montrent clairement que ce sont surtout les 20-29 ans, ainsi que les moins de 20 ans et les femmes qui souffrent de troubles de lâalimentation, alors que les troubles psychosomatiques au sens Ă©troit et les maladies inflammatoires chroniques intestinales se trouvent surtout chez les 30-39 ans et les hommes. Dâautre part, les syndromes fonctionnels et les dĂ©pressions se trouvent surtout chez les 40-49 ans et les femmes. Compte tenu des rĂ©sultats rĂ©coltĂ©s Ă lâaide des deux instruments de mesure, ce sont les patients souffrant de troubles de lâalimentation, de dĂ©pression ou dâun syndrome fonctionnel qui tirent le plus grand profit de lâoffre en traitement. Selon le premier type de mesure (FAPK) et alors mĂȘme quâĂ lâorigine ces patients souffrent dâune nĂ©vrose au niveau de leur rapport Ă la rĂ©alitĂ©, la maniĂšre dont ils abordent le conflit Ă©volue grĂące au traitement, ce qui contribue Ă soulager considĂ©rablement leurs troubles (dans tous les domaines testĂ©s par le GBB). Par ailleurs, les patients souffrant de la maladie de Crohn ou dâune colite ulcĂ©rative purent ĂȘtre quelque peu sensibilisĂ©s Ă une nouvelle maniĂšre dâapprocher et de gĂ©rer les conflits; ils se sentirent alors beaucoup moins Ă©puisĂ©s. Concernant les patients souffrant de troubles psychosomatiques au sens Ă©troit (lĂ©sions organiques comprises), il semble que le traitement offert ait contribuĂ© de maniĂšre essentielle Ă une amĂ©lioration de leur Ă©tat gĂ©nĂ©ral, avec en particulier une moindre tendance Ă lâĂ©puisement et un soulagement de la pression exercĂ©e par les troubles. Par rapport au sexe et Ă lâĂąge des patients, les femmes et les personnes relativement jeunes (les 20-29 surtout, suivis des 30-39 ans et des 40-49 ans) tirent plus grand profit du traitement que les hommes, que les moins de 20 ans et que les plus de 49 ans. Remarquons enfin que notre Ă©tude prĂ©sente des lacunes Ă©videntes: les indicateurs de succĂšs sont simplement des donnĂ©es fournies verbalement par les patients eux-mĂȘmes, un certain nombre de chiffres manquent, la mesure est dâun type simple (avant-aprĂšs) et certains des groupes Ă©tudiĂ©s comportaient un trop petit nombre de cas; de plus, nous nâavons pas cherchĂ© Ă savoir si les rĂ©sultats obtenus grĂące au traitement avaient Ă©tĂ© âdurablesâ. Il reste que nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© cette Ă©tude dans le cadre existant (en tant quâactivitĂ© âsecondaireâ dans un contexte hospitalier) et que notre objectif fut simplement de documenter une Ă©volution avant-aprĂšs les traitements psychosomatiques offerts Ă des patients hospitalisĂ©s-nous lâavons atteint.
Are Adaptation Measures Used to Alleviate Heat Stress Appropriate to Reduce Ammonia Emissions?
The emission of ammonia (NH3) is predominantly caused by agriculture, especially by livestock keeping. The health effects of NH3 and the related formation of particulate matter are the reasons for solid efforts to reduce their ambient concentrations. In addition, the impact of global warming on livestock is increasing due to heat stress, likely also increasing NH3 emissions. Therefore, adaptation measures are under discussion to reduce the heat stress of animals inside livestock units. Because of the relationship between temperature increase and NH3 release, the impact of the adaptation measures to cool the indoor air of livestock units (three different energy-saving air preparation systems, an inversion of the feeding and resting times by half a day, a reduction of the stocking density and doubling the maximum volume flow rate) was investigated. The NH3 release was calculated by the following predictors: indoor air temperature; ventilation rate describing the turbulence inside the livestock building; and the diurnal variation caused by the animal activity. These parameters were calculated by a simulation model for the indoor climate of livestock buildings. The monthly mean of the NH3 emission for several adaptation measures, which were applied to reduce heat stress, were compared with the emission of a reference building for 1800 fattening pigs, divided into nine sections with 200 animals each for an all-in-all-out production cycle to calculate the mitigation potential. The higher the cooling power of such adaptation measures, the higher the mitigation potential for NH3. In particular, those adaptation measures which cool the inlet air (e.g., cooling pads reduce the emission by â2%, earth-air heat exchangers by â3.1%) show the best performance to mitigate the NH3 emission of livestock buildings
Are Adaptation Measures Used to Alleviate Heat Stress Appropriate to Reduce Ammonia Emissions?
The emission of ammonia (NH3) is predominantly caused by agriculture, especially by livestock keeping. The health effects of NH3 and the related formation of particulate matter are the reasons for solid efforts to reduce their ambient concentrations. In addition, the impact of global warming on livestock is increasing due to heat stress, likely also increasing NH3 emissions. Therefore, adaptation measures are under discussion to reduce the heat stress of animals inside livestock units. Because of the relationship between temperature increase and NH3 release, the impact of the adaptation measures to cool the indoor air of livestock units (three different energy-saving air preparation systems, an inversion of the feeding and resting times by half a day, a reduction of the stocking density and doubling the maximum volume flow rate) was investigated. The NH3 release was calculated by the following predictors: indoor air temperature; ventilation rate describing the turbulence inside the livestock building; and the diurnal variation caused by the animal activity. These parameters were calculated by a simulation model for the indoor climate of livestock buildings. The monthly mean of the NH3 emission for several adaptation measures, which were applied to reduce heat stress, were compared with the emission of a reference building for 1800 fattening pigs, divided into nine sections with 200 animals each for an all-in-all-out production cycle to calculate the mitigation potential. The higher the cooling power of such adaptation measures, the higher the mitigation potential for NH3. In particular, those adaptation measures which cool the inlet air (e.g., cooling pads reduce the emission by −2%, earth-air heat exchangers by −3.1%) show the best performance to mitigate the NH3 emission of livestock buildings