Multigene phylogeny and morphology of newly isolated strain of <i>Pseudo-nitzschia mannii</i> Amato & Montresor (Adriatic Sea)

<p>An increasing number of cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species have been found within many newly described diatom species. To resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the genus <i>Pseudo-nitzschia</i>, molecular markers are being widely used in combination (or separately) with different morphological characters. Sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA markers (18S, ITS and 28S) and morphological analyses of <i>Pseudo-nitzschia mannii</i> strain (CIM_D-4), isolated from the Telašćica Bay (Adriatic Sea), differentiate it from all other currently reported strains of this species.</p

Toxin-Producing <i>Ostreopsis</i> cf. <i>ovata</i> are Likely to Bloom Undetected along Coastal Areas

Mass appearances of the toxic dinoflagellate genus <i>Ostreopsis</i> are known to cause dangerous respiratory symptoms in humans exposed to aerosols. The outbreaks can appear in shallow marine waters of temperate regions around the globe. We followed a massive bloom event on a public beach on the northern Adriatic coast near Rovinj, Croatia. We identified the responsible species and the produced toxins as well as the dynamics of the event with respect to environmental conditions. <i>Ostreopsis</i> cf. <i>ovata</i> appeared in masses from September through October 2010 on a public beach near Rovinj, Croatia but stayed undetected by public health organizations. Respiratory symptoms were observed whenever humans were exposed to substrate samples containing large numbers of <i>Ostreopsis</i> cells. During the mass abundance of <i>O.</i> cf. <i>ovata</i> also exposure to the aerosols on the beach evoked respiratory symptoms in humans. Our measurements showed high cell abundances and high toxin contents with a stable relative contribution of putative Palytoxin and Ovatoxins a-e. Artificial beach structures proved to dramatically reduce settling of the observed <i>Ostreopsis</i> biofilm. Blooms like those reported herein have a high potential to happen undetected with a high potential of affecting the health of coastal human populations. Increased monitoring efforts are therefore required to understand the ecology and toxicology of those bloom events and reduce their negative impact on coastal populations