32 research outputs found

    Bivariate analysis of interest in psycho-behavioral support services and willingness to use LAI-PrEP (N = 197).

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    <p>For each category the referent variable is Disagree.</p><p>Bivariate analysis of interest in psycho-behavioral support services and willingness to use LAI-PrEP (N = 197).</p

    Willingness to use LAI-PrEP by demographics and sexual behavior (n = 197) and bivariate and multivariable analysis of willingness to use LAI-PrEP (n = 197).

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    <p>* Fishers exact test was used.</p><p><b>Bold</b> indicates significance</p><p>Willingness to use LAI-PrEP by demographics and sexual behavior (n = 197) and bivariate and multivariable analysis of willingness to use LAI-PrEP (n = 197).</p

    Nucleotide distance calculations with panmixia and Slatkin-Maddison (SM) probabilities – experimental cases.

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    <p>Nucleotide Distance Calculations with panmixia and Slatkin-Maddison (SM) probabilities for experimental patients (HIA, IIA and LIA) are shown. BG = Between Group, APD = Average Pairwise Distance and SM = Slatkin-Maddison Test. #SGS = number of sequences used per compartment in analysis after exclusion of hypermutated and recombinant sequences. For probability of panmixia, <i>p</i>-values<0.05 are considered significant. For IIA, analysis for only one infectious variant is shown. #SGS in brackets for LIA denote number of unique sequences used in Slatkin-Maddison Test. Bracketed Slatkin-Maddison probabilities denotes <i>p</i> SM following removal of duplicate sequences.</p><p>* = Statistically significant; N/A = Not applicable.</p

    Nucleotide distance calculations with panmixia and Slatkin-Maddison (SM) probabilities-positive controls.

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    <p>Nucleotide Distance Calculations with panmixia and Slatkin-Maddison (SM) probabilities for positive control (POS1 and POS2) patients. BG = Between Group, APD = Average Pairwise Distance and SM = Slatkin-Maddison Test. #SGS = number of sequences used per compartment in analysis after exclusion of hypermutated and recombinant sequences. For probability of panmixia, <i>p</i>-values<0.05 are considered significant. For POS2 analysis for only one infectious variant is shown. #SGS in brackets for POS1 denote number of unique sequences used in Slatkin-Maddison Test. Bracketed Slatkin-Maddison probabilities denotes <i>p</i> SM following removal of duplicate sequences.</p><p>* = Statistically significant; N/A = Not applicable.</p

    Immunological profiles of experimental patients before and after initiation of cART.

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    <p>(A) Representative flow plots from low immune activator patient (LIA) are depicted. CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells are shown on the <i>x</i>-axis and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells on the <i>y</i>-axis. (B, C) Bar graphs depicting CD4∶CD8 ratio (B) and levels of immune activation (C) of PBMC (red bars) and MMC (blue bars) before (PBMC1 and MMC1) and after (PBMC2 and MMC2) initiation of antiretroviral therapy. High immune activator (HIA), intermediate immune activator (IIA) and low immune activator (LIA) are compared. (D, E) Immunohistochemical characterization of immune effector sites in rectosigmoid biopsies. Using a PC-based image-analysis system (KS 4000, Kontron) a standard area was set by the image analyzer. A total of between 10 and 15 consecutive non-overlapping fields were analyzed. In figure (D), a biopsy section (viewed at 40× magnification) compares CD4+ T cells (stained red) of subject IIA before (left panel) and after (right panel) initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Figure (E) depicts mean CD4+ T before (LP1) and after (LP2) initiation of antiretroviral therapy. HIA, IIA and LIA are compared.</p

    Intra-Patient clustering of HIV-1 <i>env</i> quasi-species.

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    <p>Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree depicting full-length HIV-1 <i>env</i> sequences from three experimental subjects (HIA, IIA, LIA) and 2 positive control subjects (POS1 and POS2). For each subject, all sequences from both time-points (baseline and on treatment) and from all compartments described are shown. Bootstrap values (>95%) are shown for inter-subject clusters. 1000 bootstrap replicates were run and Bootstrap values over 85% are shown. The horizontal scale bar represents 2.0% genetic distance. Each subject forms a tight cluster and is distinct from other experimental subjects or controls. HXB2 was used as an outgroup.</p

    HIV-1 <i>env</i> phylogenies do not suggest measurable evolution on suppressive cART.

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    <p>ML tree of SGA sequences from participants (A) HIA (B) IIA and (C) LIA. For all panels, PBMC time point #1 (open red circles), PBMC time point #2 (closed red circles), GALT time point #1 (open blue squares) and GALT time point #2 (closed blue squares) are shown. 1000 bootstrap replicates were run and Bootstrap values over 85% are shown. The scale bar represents 0.005 nucleotide substitutions per site. HXB2 was used as an outgroup. Starred sequences represent those determined to be hypermutated. To the right of each ML tree is the corresponding Highlighter plot (outgroup sequence not shown). Individual nucleotide changes from a master sequence (TP1 sequence at the top of the ML tree) are shown. A-green; T-red; G-orange; C-light blue. For participant IIA, phylogenetic analysis reveals acquisition of more than one variant with <i>in-vivo</i> inter-lineage recombinants. Sequences surrounded by boxes represent HIV-1 <i>env</i> recombinants (red boxes denote a sequence p value of <i>p</i><0.05 in Recco; black boxes denote a sequence p value of <i>p</i><0.25 in Recco).</p
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