Sequences, size of the amplicon and target region of the primer and probe sets used for the qPCR detection of human Adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), murine norovirus (MNV) and rotavirus (RV) in environmental samples.

<p>Sequences, size of the amplicon and target region of the primer and probe sets used for the qPCR detection of human Adenovirus (HAdV), enterovirus (EV), murine norovirus (MNV) and rotavirus (RV) in environmental samples.</p

Boxplot comparison of the calculated concentration for rotavirus A originating from surface waters and sewage waters before and after UV treatment as well as total samples.

<p>Boxplot comparison of the calculated concentration for rotavirus A originating from surface waters and sewage waters before and after UV treatment as well as total samples.</p

Calculated concentration of viral nucleic acids (GC/l) or infectious viruses (TCID₅₀/l) before and after UV-treatment of the sewage water samples.

<p>Calculated concentration of viral nucleic acids (GC/l) or infectious viruses (TCID₅₀/l) before and after UV-treatment of the sewage water samples.</p

Boxplot comparison of the calculated concentration for human.

<p>Adenovirus originating from surface waters and sewage waters before and after UV treatment as well as total samples.</p

Occurrence of HAdV, EV and RoV in the combined, surface, total sewage water samples and before and after UV treatment.

<p>Occurrence of HAdV, EV and RoV in the combined, surface, total sewage water samples and before and after UV treatment.</p

<i>From Lab to Lake</i> – Evaluation of Current Molecular Methods for the Detection of Infectious Enteric Viruses in Complex Water Matrices in an Urban Area

<div><p>Quantitative PCR methods are commonly used to monitor enteric viruses in the aquatic environment because of their high sensitivity, short reaction times and relatively low operational cost. However, conclusions for public health drawn from results of such molecular techniques are limited due to their inability to determine viral infectivity. Ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA) are capable to penetrate the damaged or compromised capsid of the inactivated viruses and bind to the viral nucleic acids. We assessed whether dye treatment is a suitable approach to improve the ability of qPCR to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious human adenovirus, enterovirus and rotavirus A in surface water of an urban river and sewage before and after UV disinfection. Like the gold standard of cell culture assays, pretreatment EMA-/PMA-qPCR succeeded in removing false positive results which would lead to an overestimation of the viral load if only qPCR of the environmental samples was considered. A dye pretreatment could therefore provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive tool to improve the efficacy of molecular quantification methods in regards to viral infectivity.</p></div

Material cost and time per reaction for each of the utilized methods (incl. sample preparation, excl. personal cost).

<p>Material cost and time per reaction for each of the utilized methods (incl. sample preparation, excl. personal cost).</p

Boxplot comparison of the calculated concentration for enterovirus originating from surface waters and sewage waters before and after UV treatment as well as total samples.

<p>Boxplot comparison of the calculated concentration for enterovirus originating from surface waters and sewage waters before and after UV treatment as well as total samples.</p