8,598 research outputs found
The \mu-Calculus Alternation Hierarchy Collapses over Structures with Restricted Connectivity
It is known that the alternation hierarchy of least and greatest fixpoint
operators in the mu-calculus is strict. However, the strictness of the
alternation hierarchy does not necessarily carry over when considering
restricted classes of structures. A prominent instance is the class of infinite
words over which the alternation-free fragment is already as expressive as the
full mu-calculus. Our current understanding of when and why the mu-calculus
alternation hierarchy is not strict is limited. This paper makes progress in
answering these questions by showing that the alternation hierarchy of the
mu-calculus collapses to the alternation-free fragment over some classes of
structures, including infinite nested words and finite graphs with feedback
vertex sets of a bounded size. Common to these classes is that the connectivity
between the components in a structure from such a class is restricted in the
sense that the removal of certain vertices from the structure's graph
decomposes it into graphs in which all paths are of finite length. Our collapse
results are obtained in an automata-theoretic setting. They subsume,
generalize, and strengthen several prior results on the expressivity of the
mu-calculus over restricted classes of structures.Comment: In Proceedings GandALF 2012, arXiv:1210.202
N-body methods for relativistic cosmology
We present a framework for general relativistic N-body simulations in the
regime of weak gravitational fields. In this approach, Einstein's equations are
expanded in terms of metric perturbations about a Friedmann-Lema\^itre
background, which are assumed to remain small. The metric perturbations
themselves are only kept to linear order, but we keep their first spatial
derivatives to second order and treat their second spatial derivatives as well
as sources of stress-energy fully non-perturbatively. The evolution of matter
is modelled by an N-body ensemble which can consist of free-streaming
nonrelativistic (e.g. cold dark matter) or relativistic particle species (e.g.
cosmic neutrinos), but the framework is fully general and also allows for other
sources of stress-energy, in particular additional relativistic sources like
modified-gravity models or topological defects. We compare our method with the
traditional Newtonian approach and argue that relativistic methods are
conceptually more robust and flexible, at the cost of a moderate increase of
numerical difficulty. However, for a LambdaCDM cosmology, where nonrelativistic
matter is the only source of perturbations, the relativistic corrections are
expected to be small. We quantify this statement by extracting post-Newtonian
estimates from Newtonian N-body simulations.Comment: 30 pages, 3 figures. Invited contribution to a Classical and Quantum
Gravity focus issue on "Relativistic Effects in Cosmology", edited by Kazuya
Koyam
An exact approach for evaluating the benefits from technological change
It is commonly believed that taxing agricultural commodities in developing countries, and subsidizing agricultural commodities in industrial countries, reduces incentives in the developing countries for both current production and longer-term investments in capital, knowledge, technology, and infrastructure. It is argued that distortions in agricultural markets have kept investments in research and development, and productivity rates low in agriculture in developing countries. Martin and Alston lay the theoretical foundation for empirical studies of how such distortions affect returns to agricultural research and development in developing countries. Earlier studies of the benefits from technological change have typically used partial equilibrium models with Marshallian welfare measures. Such models have not allowed for a general set of market distortions and market interactions. Techniques recently developed for evaluating welfare in the context of general equilibrium models better measure the implications of trade distorting policies. Martin and Alston describe how to harness these approaches to evaluate the benefits and costs of technological changes. They show that a modified trade expenditure function can be used to measure welfare changes exactly, with a model consistent with the optimizing behavior of both producers and consumers. They do so in a general setting that allows for multiple market distortions and multiple paths of general equilibrium feedback. They illustrate this approach using a quadratic form for a profit function that is a component of the trade expenditure function. They spell out, in principle, how to apply this approach with minimal requirements for additional information, using the results from a computable general equilibrium model. They provide a diagram to illustrate the application of the technique.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Consumption
gevolution: a cosmological N-body code based on General Relativity
We present a new N-body code, gevolution, for the evolution of large scale
structure in the Universe. Our code is based on a weak field expansion of
General Relativity and calculates all six metric degrees of freedom in Poisson
gauge. N-body particles are evolved by solving the geodesic equation which we
write in terms of a canonical momentum such that it remains valid also for
relativistic particles. We validate the code by considering the Schwarzschild
solution and, in the Newtonian limit, by comparing with the Newtonian N-body
codes Gadget-2 and RAMSES. We then proceed with a simulation of large scale
structure in a Universe with massive neutrinos where we study the gravitational
slip induced by the neutrino shear stress. The code can be extended to include
different kinds of dark energy or modified gravity models and going beyond the
usually adopted quasi-static approximation. Our code is publicly available.Comment: 28 pages + appendix, 10 figures. v2: revised and extended version
accepted by JCAP; code available at https://github.com/gevolution-cod
- …