Modifications to the N-terminus but not the C-terminus of calcitonin gene-related peptide(8-37) produce antagonists with increased affinity.

Seventeen novel analogues of human calcitonin gene-related peptide(8-37) (hCGRP(8-37)) were synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified to apparent homogeneity by semipreparative cation exchange and/or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The C-terminal Phe was replaced by Gly, cyclohexylalanine (Cha), Tyr, all four isomers of β-methylphenylalanine (β-MePhe), and L- and D-tetrahydroisoquinoline carboxylic acid (Tic), resulting in analogues 3-11. For the synthesis of the β-MePhe-containing analogues 6-9, crystallization was used to separate a mixture of all four isomers of β-MePhe into the erythro pair of enantiomers (2S,3S, 2R,3R) and the threo pair of enantiomers (2S,3R, 2R,3S), which were then converted to Fmoc derivatives and used in two separate syntheses. Two diastereomeric peptides were obtained from each synthesis and were separated by RP-HPLC to yield enantiomerically pure 6-9. Substitution of Tyr for Phe caused no change in binding affinity at CGRP receptors. All other substitutions for Phe resulted in substantial reductions in binding affinity. Indeed, no binding was observed for analogues 7, 9, and 11, all of which contained a D-amino acid residue in the C-terminal position, and the binding affinities of the remaining analogues were >10-fold lower than that of h-α-CGRP(8-37). These data suggest that a conformationally flexible phenyl ring in the C-terminal position of h-α-CGRP(8-37) is preferred for high-affinity binding to CGRP receptors. Acetylation, benzoylation, and benzylation of the N-termini of h-α-CGRP(8-37) and h-β-CGRP(8-37) produced analogues 12-14 and 16-18, respectively. A byproduct was isolated by RP-HPLC from the resin-cleaved crude product of each benzylated analogue, which was characterized as the dibenzylated derivative of h-α-CGRP-(8-37) and h-β-CGRP(8-37) (analogues 15 and 19, respectively). Amino acid analysis and 1H NMR showed that the second benzyl group was located on the C4 carbon of the imidazole ring of His10. Radioligand binding experiments showed that derivatizing the N-termini substantially increased binding affinities at CGRP receptors. The benzoylated and dibenzylated derivatives had the highest affinities, which were approximately 50-fold greater than those of h-α-CGRP-(8-37). Functional experiments confirmed that the N-terminally derivatized analogues of h-α-CGRP(8-37) are antagonists that are more potent than h-α-CGRP(8-37). In conclusion, these studies underscore the importance of Phe37 of h-α-CGRP(8-37) for binding to CGRP receptors and have identified the N-terminus and His10 as two positions that can be used for the design of antagonists with increased affinity for CGRP receptors.</p

Ultraviolet Excitation of M‑O₂ (M = Phenalenone, Fluorenone, Pyridine, & Acridine) Complexes Resulting in ¹O₂

In our experiment, a trace amount of an organic molecule (M = 1H-phenalen-1-one, 9-fluorenone, pyridine, or acridine) was seeded into a gas mix consisting of 3% O2 with a rare gas buffer (He or Ar) and then supersonically expanded. We excited the resulting molecular beam with ultraviolet light at either 355 nm (1H-phenalen-1-one, 9-fluorenone, or acridine) or 266 nm (pyridine) and used resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy to probe for the formation of O2 in the a-1Δg state, 1O2. For all systems, the REMPI spectra demonstrate that ultraviolet excitation results in the formation of 1O2 and the oxygen product is confirmed to be in the ground vibrational state and with an effective rotational temperature below 80 K. We then recorded the velocity map ion image of the 1O2 product. From the ion images, we determined the center-of-mass translational energy distribution, P(ET), assuming photodissociation of a bimolecular M-O2 complex. We also report results from electronic structure calculations that allow for a determination of the M-O2 ground state binding energy. We use the complex binding energy, the energy to form 1O2, and the adiabatic triplet energy for each organic molecule to determine the available energy following photodissociation. For dissociation of a bimolecular complex, this available energy may be partitioned into either center-of-mass recoil or internal degrees of freedom of the organic moiety. We use the available energy to generate a Prior distribution, which predicts statistical energy partitioning during dissociation. For low available energies, less than 0.2 eV, we find that the statistical prediction is in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations. However, at higher available energies, the experimental distribution is biased to lower center-of-mass kinetic energies compared with the statistical prediction, which suggests the complex undergoes vibrational predissociation