Video_1_Measuring Mindfulness: A Psychophysiological Approach.MP4

<p>Mindfulness-based interventions have proved effective in reducing various clinical symptoms and in improving general mental health and well-being. The investigation of the mechanisms of therapeutic change needs methods for assessment of mindfulness. Existing self-report measures have, however, been strongly criticized on various grounds, including distortion of the original concept, response bias, and other. We propose a psychophysiological method for the assessment of the mindfulness learned through time-limited mindfulness-based therapy by people who undergo meditation training for the first time. We use the individual pre-post-therapy changes (dERPi) in the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded in a passive meditation task as a measure of increased mindfulness. dERPi is computed through multivariate assessment of individual participant's ERPs. We tested the proposed method in a group of about 70 recurrently depressed participants, randomly assigned in 1.7:1 ratio to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) or cognitive therapy (CT). The therapy outcome was measured by the long-term change (dDS) relative to baseline in the depression symptoms (DS) assessed weekly, for 60 weeks, by an online self-report questionnaire. We found a strong, highly significant, negative correlation (r = −0.55) between dERPi (mean = 0.4) and dDS (mean = −0.7) in the MBCT group. Compared to this result, the relationship between dDS and the other (self-report) measures of mindfulness we used was substantially weaker and not significant. So was also the relationship between dERPi and dDS in the CT group. The interpretation of dERPi as a measure of increased mindfulness was further supported by positive correlations between dERPi and the other measures of mindfulness. In this study, we also replicated a previous result, namely, the increase (dLCNV) of the late contingent negative variation (LCNV) of the ERP in the MBCT group, but not in the control group (in this case, CT). We interpreted dLCNV as a measure of increased meditative concentration. The relationship between dLCNV and dDS was, however, very week, which suggests that concentration might be relatively unimportant for the therapeutic effect of mindfulness. The proposed psychophysiological method could become an important component of a “mindfulness test battery” together with self-report questionnaires and other newly developed instruments.</p

Presentation_1_Measuring Mindfulness: A Psychophysiological Approach.PDF

<p>Mindfulness-based interventions have proved effective in reducing various clinical symptoms and in improving general mental health and well-being. The investigation of the mechanisms of therapeutic change needs methods for assessment of mindfulness. Existing self-report measures have, however, been strongly criticized on various grounds, including distortion of the original concept, response bias, and other. We propose a psychophysiological method for the assessment of the mindfulness learned through time-limited mindfulness-based therapy by people who undergo meditation training for the first time. We use the individual pre-post-therapy changes (dERPi) in the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded in a passive meditation task as a measure of increased mindfulness. dERPi is computed through multivariate assessment of individual participant's ERPs. We tested the proposed method in a group of about 70 recurrently depressed participants, randomly assigned in 1.7:1 ratio to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) or cognitive therapy (CT). The therapy outcome was measured by the long-term change (dDS) relative to baseline in the depression symptoms (DS) assessed weekly, for 60 weeks, by an online self-report questionnaire. We found a strong, highly significant, negative correlation (r = −0.55) between dERPi (mean = 0.4) and dDS (mean = −0.7) in the MBCT group. Compared to this result, the relationship between dDS and the other (self-report) measures of mindfulness we used was substantially weaker and not significant. So was also the relationship between dERPi and dDS in the CT group. The interpretation of dERPi as a measure of increased mindfulness was further supported by positive correlations between dERPi and the other measures of mindfulness. In this study, we also replicated a previous result, namely, the increase (dLCNV) of the late contingent negative variation (LCNV) of the ERP in the MBCT group, but not in the control group (in this case, CT). We interpreted dLCNV as a measure of increased meditative concentration. The relationship between dLCNV and dDS was, however, very week, which suggests that concentration might be relatively unimportant for the therapeutic effect of mindfulness. The proposed psychophysiological method could become an important component of a “mindfulness test battery” together with self-report questionnaires and other newly developed instruments.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Measuring Mindfulness: A Psychophysiological Approach.ZIP

<p>Mindfulness-based interventions have proved effective in reducing various clinical symptoms and in improving general mental health and well-being. The investigation of the mechanisms of therapeutic change needs methods for assessment of mindfulness. Existing self-report measures have, however, been strongly criticized on various grounds, including distortion of the original concept, response bias, and other. We propose a psychophysiological method for the assessment of the mindfulness learned through time-limited mindfulness-based therapy by people who undergo meditation training for the first time. We use the individual pre-post-therapy changes (dERPi) in the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded in a passive meditation task as a measure of increased mindfulness. dERPi is computed through multivariate assessment of individual participant's ERPs. We tested the proposed method in a group of about 70 recurrently depressed participants, randomly assigned in 1.7:1 ratio to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) or cognitive therapy (CT). The therapy outcome was measured by the long-term change (dDS) relative to baseline in the depression symptoms (DS) assessed weekly, for 60 weeks, by an online self-report questionnaire. We found a strong, highly significant, negative correlation (r = −0.55) between dERPi (mean = 0.4) and dDS (mean = −0.7) in the MBCT group. Compared to this result, the relationship between dDS and the other (self-report) measures of mindfulness we used was substantially weaker and not significant. So was also the relationship between dERPi and dDS in the CT group. The interpretation of dERPi as a measure of increased mindfulness was further supported by positive correlations between dERPi and the other measures of mindfulness. In this study, we also replicated a previous result, namely, the increase (dLCNV) of the late contingent negative variation (LCNV) of the ERP in the MBCT group, but not in the control group (in this case, CT). We interpreted dLCNV as a measure of increased meditative concentration. The relationship between dLCNV and dDS was, however, very week, which suggests that concentration might be relatively unimportant for the therapeutic effect of mindfulness. The proposed psychophysiological method could become an important component of a “mindfulness test battery” together with self-report questionnaires and other newly developed instruments.</p

The percentage of total gaze duration on food vs. nonfood stimuli.

<p>Figures showing means and standard deviations. A significant stimulus main effect (<i>p</i><.05) and a group × stimulus interaction with significant differences between BED+ and BED− and BED+ and NWC (both <i>p</i><.05, marked as *) in planned contrasts were found. BED+, overweight or obese women with binge eating disorder; BED−, overweight or obese women without binge eating disorder; NWC, normal-weight control women.</p

Mean (± standard deviation) of sample characteristics in each study group.

<p>BAS, Behavioural Activation System scale; BDI II; Becks Depression Inventory II; BED+, overweight or obese women with binge eating disorder; BED−, overweight or obese women without binge eating disorder; BIS-11, Baratt Impulsiveness Scale; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; NWC, normal-weight control women.</p>a<p>self-reported in the last four weeks according to EDE-Q item 15.</p>b<p>self-reported according to EDE-Q total score.</p>c<p>self-reported according to BDI II sum score.</p>d<p>assessed after a standardised meal before testing on visual analogue scales ranging from 0 to 10 cm.</p>e<p><i>n</i> = 24 in the BED+ group due to missing data in one participant.</p

Results of the INRICH pathway analysis.

<p>Results of the INRICH pathway analysis are shown in bar plot format. The x-axis shows negative logarithmic enrichment p-values for all nominally associated pathways containing two and more genes prior to- (gray) and after- (blue) correction for multiple testing. The red horizontal line indicates a p-value of 0.05.</p

Results of the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.

<p>Results of the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) are shown in bar plot format. The x-axis shows negative logarithmic enrichment p-values for all associated pathways containing two and more genes prior to- (gray) and after- (blue) Benjamini Hochberg correction for multiple testing. The red horizontal line indicates a p-value of 0.05.</p

IPA pathway synaptic long term potentiation.

<p>Results of the Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) for the pathway “Synaptic Long Term Potentiation” are shown. Shared schizophrenia-bipolar disorder associated genes (<i>GRIN2A</i>, <i>GRM3</i>, <i>CACNA1C</i>) are highlighted in purple.</p