Associations of aerobic and strength exercise with clinical laboratory test values

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Physical exercise may affect levels of blood-based biomarkers. However, exercise status is seldom considered in the interpretation of laboratory results. This study reports the associations between habitual exercise participation and clinical laboratory test results.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The effects of days per week of aerobic and strength exercise participation on laboratory test results for 26 biomarkers in young adults aged 18 to 34 years (n = 80,111) were evaluated using percentile distribution analyses and multivariate regression.</p><p>Results</p><p>In both men and women, more days per week of either aerobic or strength exercise were significantly associated with lower levels of glucose, hemoglobin A1c, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, globulin, and C-reactive protein, and significantly higher levels of HDL cholesterol, creatinine, iron, and percent saturation (all p < .05). Type of exercise or gender influenced the observed relationships with exercise frequency for total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, bilirubin, and iron binding capacity.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Physical exercise shifted the distribution of results into the direction suggestive of better health. Reported relationships may help clinicians and patients to better understand and interpret laboratory results in athletic populations and possibly re-evaluate interpretation of reference intervals for physically active populations.</p></div

Reference intervals and predicted values for 0 and 5+ days of aerobic or strength exercise participation per week in men and women aged 18–34 years.

<p>Reference intervals and predicted values for 0 and 5+ days of aerobic or strength exercise participation per week in men and women aged 18–34 years.</p

Cumulative distribution of biomarkers for 0 and 5+ days of aerobic (A) or/and strength (S) exercise participation among men and women aged 18–34 years.

<p>Cumulative distribution of biomarkers for 0 and 5+ days of aerobic (A) or/and strength (S) exercise participation among men and women aged 18–34 years.</p

Prevalence of medical conditions (by self-report).

<p>Prevalence of medical conditions (by self-report).</p

Multivariate regression for the effect of aerobic and strength exercise participation on biomarker levels in women and men aged 18–34 years.

<p>Sample size varied by marker, ranging from 27,715 to 45,725 for women and 14,384 to 34,325 for men. ^ap<0.05; ^bp<0.01 . <i>Italics</i> indicate not statistically significant.</p

L'épreuve de l'arc : Les Travaux d'Ulysse

Gravureà l'eau-forte. Planche 39Il s'agit de l'épisode où Pénélope, inspirée par Athéna, défie les prétendants de bander l'arc d'Ulysse. Celui qui réussirait aurait alors droit de l'épouser. On voit Ulysse en train de manier l'arc, dont la flèche doit passer par les douze trous de haches. Primatice et Van Thulden ne suivent pas ici le texte d'Homère : ils représentent des tiges avec des anneaux de tapisserie qui font référence à la fidélité de Pénélope et à sa toile. Derrière Ulysse se trouve Athéna, reconnaissable à son casque et à son bouclier. Les prétendants sont attablés et regardent Ulysse tirer. Télémaque est sans doute le personnage représenté à gauche, l'épée dépassant de sa tunique. Au dernier plan, Pénélope regagne sa chambre avec ses suivantes, obéissant aux injonctions de son fils.téléchargeabl

Seasonal Variation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ (bottom panel) and Intact PTH (iPTH) (top panel) Weekly Mean Values.

<p>The maximum seasonal variation of 25(OH)D₃ (peak to trough) was 6.8 ng/mL, reaching its trough in the 8^th week (early March) of each year and its peak in the 34^th week (early September). Peak iPTH values occurred at week 12 (early April) and trough values at week 37 (late September), a pattern that is roughly reciprocal to that of 25(OH)D₃, but lags by 3.5 weeks. Individual points represent the mean of the normalized distribution for each week. The solid lines represent the fit. Dark vertical dashed lines represent 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ peaks and troughs, and light vertical dashed lines represent the iPTH peaks and troughs. To convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ from ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply by 2.496 (rounded as 2.5).</p

Seasonal Variation in Weekly Mean Values of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ (panels A and B) and Intact PTH (iPTH; panels C and D) by Gender and Region.

<p>A. Women show higher average values for 25(OH)D₃ than men. B. North and Central regions show similar average values for 25(OH)D₃ but the South region shows higher average values in winter, even though all three regions show similar values in summer. C. Men show higher average values than women for iPTH. D. The Central region shows the highest average values for iPTH, followed by the Northern region and then the South region.</p

Percentage of patients with elevated iPTH concentrations (>65 pg/mL), by month.

<p>A. All groups. B. The percentage of subjects with iPTH greater than the upper limit of the reference interval (>65 pg/mL) reaches its trough in late summer and its peak in late winter. C. By region and gender. D. Patients with undetectable 25(OH)D₂ E. All patients with detectable 25(OH)D₂, even though the sinusoidal pattern is somewhat diminished, it still fit a sinusoidal function (null hypothesis p<0.001). The seasonal relationship holds across region, gender and presence or absence of detectable 25(OH)D₂. The regions demonstrate similar patterns, but the percentage of subjects with iPTH greater than the reference interval was greater for the central and northern regions than the southern region and greater for men than women.</p

Percentages of patients with 25(OH)D₃ deficiency (<20 ng/mL), insufficiency (20–29 ng/mL), and sufficiency (≥30 ng/mL), by month.

<p>The percentiles are categorized by month. The upper portion (blue) of each month shows the percentage of patients with sufficient 25(OH)D₃; the central portion (yellow), insufficient but not deficient; and the lower portion (red), deficient. The percentage of patients considered deficient or insufficient depends on the season, lower in summer (approximately 50%) and higher in winter (approximately 70%). The sun symbol indicates the summer solstice and the crescent moon symbol, the winter solstice. The central panel shows the seasonal similarity of total 25(OH)D with that of 25(OH)D2. The lower panel shows the rhythmic pattern across regions and gender. The Central and Northern regions were combined because they were similar. Their trough to peak difference is greater than that for the Southern region. Women and men percentages show similar patterns, except that the trough to peak difference is greater for men than women. The sun symbol indicates the summer solstice and the crescent moon, the winter solstice.</p