Data_Sheet_1_Facial attractiveness is only weakly linked to genome–wide heterozygosity.docx

IntroductionIt has been frequently suggested that overall genomic heterozygosity and, particularly, heterozygosity of loci on the so-called major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is responsible for the recognition of foreign substances/ pathogens and the recognition of self and non-self, is associated with better health and better resistance to infections and parasites. It has further been speculated that such a potentially beneficial heterozygosity can be detected through body odor and facial attractiveness.MethodsOn the basis of genome wide SNP data (713,014 SNPs) of participants from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we therefore investigated whether homozygosity either on the MHC (measured as inbreeding coefficient) or genome-wide (measured as runs of homozygosity and inbreeding coefficient) is associated with rated facial attractiveness.ResultsAlthough we found that the genome-wide average length of homozygous segments and the genome-wide inbreeding coefficient are significantly negatively associated with some measures of facial attractiveness, if corrected for multiple testing, any significant association was no longer formally significant after correction. In addition, the variance in facial attractiveness explained by the genome wide homozygosity is very low (DiscussionWe only find a weak association of genome- wide heterozygosity and facial attractiveness.</p

Generalized linear model of sex, voluntary work, marital status, education, and income on offspring number on the basis of a Poisson error structure.

<p>Residual deviance: 3475.1 on 4711 df;</p><p>Education: 1 = less than one year of college, 2 = 1 to 3 year college, 3 = bachelor degree, 4 = master degree and higher; Marital status: 1 = currently married, 2 = separated, 3 = divorced, 4 = widowed, 5 = never married.</p

Logistic regression on childlessness (encoded as 0 = childless, 1 = at least one child) of woman's age, age at marriage, and ethnicity (not shown) as well as her husband's educational attainment, separately for women of educational category 1 (less than primary completed), educational category 2 (primary completed), educational category 3 (secondary completed), and educational category 4 (university completed).

<p>*p<0.05.</p><p>**p<0.01.</p><p>***p<0.001.</p

Summary of quality control steps with the number of SNPs lost and kept for each step.

<p>Summary of quality control steps with the number of SNPs lost and kept for each step.</p

SHB is based on the answers of four questions on the amount of time an individual spent on helping others during the previous year.

<p>SHB is based on the answers of four questions on the amount of time an individual spent on helping others during the previous year.</p

Educational homogamy and parameters of reproduction.

<p>(a) Percentage of childless women, (b) woman's mean offspring number, (c) woman's mean age at first marriage, and (d) percentage couples, calculated for each combination of woman's educational category W1 through W4 and husband's educational category M1 through M4 (W1, M1, less than primary completed; W2, M2, primary completed; W3, M3, secondary completed; W4, M4, university completed). Blue bars: wife is higher educated than husband; red bars: both spouses have the same level of education; green bars: husband is higher educated than wife.</p

Differences in the percentage of childlessness, mean offspring number, and mean age at marriage tested among the education combinations per woman's educational level as well as between homogamous and heterogamous combinations.

1<p>Chi²-test, ²ANOVA.</p

Linear mixed model using a woman's [transformed] number of children as dependent variable, her age and age at marriage, as well as her husband's educational attainment as fixed factors, and ethnicity as random factor (not shown), separately for women of educational category 1 (less than primary completed), educational category 2 (primary completed), educational category 3 (secondary completed), and educational category 4 (university completed).

<p>*p<0.05.</p><p>**p<0.01.</p><p>***p<0.001.</p

Percentage of men (black bars) and women (grey bars) exhibiting a pro-social attitude, separately for educational category.

<p>Percentage of men (black bars) and women (grey bars) exhibiting a pro-social attitude, separately for educational category.</p

LMM of age, type of marriage, education and ownership of dwelling (ethnicity and Uganda district as random factors) regressing on SRB.

<p>Bold marked terms represent significant positive relations to SRB.</p