Beach Nourishment.

<p>Overhead view of a beach nourishment episode in Wrightsville Beach, NC during April of 2014.</p

Reductions in Property Value with Loss of Subsidy over a Range of Communities and Nourishment Costs.

<p>Contours of the percent reduction in property value versus background erosion rate (m/yr) and mean number of storms per year for four cases: Top left panel—high baseline property value (parameter A = $200,000) and high nourishment sand cost ($20/m³). Top right panel—high baseline property value (parameter A = $200,000) and low nourishment sand cost ($10/m³). Bottom left panel—low baseline property value (parameter A = $100,000) and high nourishment sand cost ($20/m³). Bottom right panel—low baseline property value (parameter A = $100,000) and low nourishment sand cost ($10/m³).</p

Climate Adaptation and Policy-Induced Inflation of Coastal Property Value

<div><p>Human population density in the coastal zone and potential impacts of climate change underscore a growing conflict between coastal development and an encroaching shoreline. Rising sea-levels and increased storminess threaten to accelerate coastal erosion, while growing demand for coastal real estate encourages more spending to hold back the sea in spite of the shrinking federal budget for beach nourishment. As climatic drivers and federal policies for beach nourishment change, the evolution of coastline mitigation and property values is uncertain. We develop an empirically grounded, stochastic dynamic model coupling coastal property markets and shoreline evolution, including beach nourishment, and show that a large share of coastal property value reflects capitalized erosion control. The model is parameterized for coastal properties and physical forcing in North Carolina, U.S.A. and we conduct sensitivity analyses using property values spanning a wide range of sandy coastlines along the U.S. East Coast. The model shows that a sudden removal of federal nourishment subsidies, as has been proposed, could trigger a dramatic downward adjustment in coastal real estate, analogous to the bursting of a bubble. We find that the policy-induced inflation of property value grows with increased erosion from sea level rise or increased storminess, but the effect of background erosion is larger due to human behavioral feedbacks. Our results suggest that if nourishment is not a long-run strategy to manage eroding coastlines, a gradual removal is more likely to smooth the transition to more climate-resilient coastal communities.</p></div

Property Values at Optimal Nourishment.

<p>Contours of discounted long-term net benefits (x$1000), or property value, at the optimal nourishment schedule plotted against the mean background erosion rate (m/yr) and the mean number of storms per year.</p

Optimal Intervals in Nourishment Events.

<p>Contours for the optimal time in years between nourishment events plotted against the mean background erosion rate (m/yr) and the mean number of storms per year. Historically, the background erosion rate for North Carolina is near 1 m/yr (21). The return period for hurricanes in this region ranges between 8 and 20 years (22).</p

Current Inflation in Property Value with Nourishment Subsidy.

<p>Top panel shows property value versus background erosion rate (m/yr) when the mean number of storms per year is 0.05. Bottom panel shows property value versus mean number of storms per year when the background erosion rate is 1 m/yr. The black lines correspond to simulations where 66% of nourishment costs are subsidized by the federal government and the red lines are for simulations where costs are paid entirely by the local community. Arrows indicate the gap in property value due to a switch from subsidized to unsubsidized nourishment.</p

Enantioselective Synthesis of 4- and 6‑Azaindolines by a Cation-Directed Cyclization

Functionalized 4- and 6-azaindolines are accessible with high levels of enantioselectivity by the cation-directed cyclization of aminopyridine-derived imines via phase-transfer catalysis. The extension of this methodology to diastereoselective cyclizations is also described

Enantioselective Synthesis of 4- and 6‑Azaindolines by a Cation-Directed Cyclization

Functionalized 4- and 6-azaindolines are accessible with high levels of enantioselectivity by the cation-directed cyclization of aminopyridine-derived imines via phase-transfer catalysis. The extension of this methodology to diastereoselective cyclizations is also described

Can a C–H···O Interaction Be a Determinant of Conformation?

Whether nonconventional hydrogen bonds, such as the C–H···O interaction, are a consequence or a determinant of conformation is a long-running and unresolved issue. Here we outline a solid-state and quantum mechanical study designed to investigate whether a C–H···O interaction can override the significant <i>trans</i>-planar conformational preferences of α-fluoroamide substituents. A profound change in dihedral angle from <i>trans</i>-planar_(OCCF) to <i>cis</i>-planar_(OCCF) observed on introducing an acceptor group for a C–H···O hydrogen bond is consistent with this interaction functioning as a determinant of conformation in certain systems. This testifies to the potential influence of the C–H···O hydrogen bond and is consistent with the assignment of this interaction as a contributor to overall conformation in both model and natural systems

Can a C–H···O Interaction Be a Determinant of Conformation?

Whether nonconventional hydrogen bonds, such as the C–H···O interaction, are a consequence or a determinant of conformation is a long-running and unresolved issue. Here we outline a solid-state and quantum mechanical study designed to investigate whether a C–H···O interaction can override the significant <i>trans</i>-planar conformational preferences of α-fluoroamide substituents. A profound change in dihedral angle from <i>trans</i>-planar_(OCCF) to <i>cis</i>-planar_(OCCF) observed on introducing an acceptor group for a C–H···O hydrogen bond is consistent with this interaction functioning as a determinant of conformation in certain systems. This testifies to the potential influence of the C–H···O hydrogen bond and is consistent with the assignment of this interaction as a contributor to overall conformation in both model and natural systems