M-rep shape representation model of the caudate.

<p>M-rep shape representation model of the caudate.</p

Observed (dots) vs. predicted (curve) correlation.

<p>(<b>A</b>) as a function of the time between images; (<b>B</b>) as a function of the distance between radius locations.</p

The Caudate Nuclei in the Human Brain.

<p>The Caudate Nuclei in the Human Brain.</p

Stationary Correlations Structures That are Continuous Functions of Distance.

<p>NOTE: <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088864#pone.0088864-Munoz1" target="_blank">[41]</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088864#pone.0088864-Peiris1" target="_blank">[42]</a> detail the DE and GAR(1) structures respectively. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088864#pone.0088864-Schabenberger1" target="_blank">[43]</a> for further details regarding the spatial structures.</p><p>elements of and/or from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088864#pone.0088864.e153" target="_blank">equation 3</a>.</p><p>distance between and measurement of subject.</p><p>gamma function.</p><p> – hypergeometric function.</p><p>modified Bessel function of the second kind of (real) order .</p><p>L/T: Longitudinal/Time Series.</p><p>S: Spatial.</p><p>O: Other.</p

Plot of correlation as a function of spatial and temporal distance.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Both factor specific matrices have a decay rate that is slower than that of the AR(1) model with correlation parameters and . (<b>B</b>) Both factor specific matrices have an AR(1) decay rate with correlation parameters and . (<b>C</b>) Both factor specific matrices have a decay rate that is faster than that of the AR(1) model with correlation parameters and .</p

Initial full mean model estimates, standard errors, and p-values.

<p>Initial full mean model estimates, standard errors, and p-values.</p

Example subset of one subject’s data (Treatment - Olanzapine, Gender - M, Age - 20).

<p>Example subset of one subject’s data (Treatment - Olanzapine, Gender - M, Age - 20).</p

DSM illustrates unique facial phenotypes resulting from stage-specific ethanol exposure.

<p>(Left) Mean surface shape of the GD7 and GD8.5 exposure groups relative to the control group is shown in the first and second columns respectively, while the GD7 group is directly compared to the GD8.5 ethanol-exposed group in the third column. (A–C) Color-map comparisons reflecting the displacement of mean surface shape for the indicated groups, where red indicates regions most distant and internal, while blue indicates regions most distant and external. Other colors shown in the scales identify intermediate positions. (D–L) Color-map comparisons reflecting the displacement of the indicated mean surface shapes parallel to the three orthogonal axes. Red and blue color intensities reflect displacement in the direction indicated by the corresponding color-coded arrow. Changes are shown at a scale of 1.2 standard deviations. (Right) Snout width (SW) was measured between the most lateral 3^rd row of vibrissae; Median upper lip length (ULL) was measured from the lower edge of the nostrils to the bottom of the upper lip; Facial depth (FD) was measured from the middle of the ear to the top of the philtrum. Values represent the means + the S.E.M. ^*p<0.05 compared to control group.^∧p<0.05 compared to counterpart ethanol exposure group.</p

Study population.

<p>Study population.</p

Scanning electron microscopy illustrates unique brain malformations in GD12 embryos exposed to ethanol at GD7 or GD8.5.

<p>(A–F) Images of specimens hemisected in the coronal (frontal) plane illustrate posterior and anterior aspects of the embryonic brain in control and ethanol-affected groups. (G–I) Additional GD12 embryos were cut to provide a sagittal view of the brain. Notable abnormalities include differences in width of the third ventricle (dashed calipers), and the area from which the septal region will develop (dashed outline in the anterior view and solid calipers in sagittal view). Ganglionic eminences (*).</p