Can State Taxes Redistribute Income?

The evidence presented in this paper supports the basic theoretical presumption that state and local governments cannot redistribute income. Since individuals can avoid unfavorable taxes by migrating to jurisdictions that offer more favorable tax conditions, a relatively unfavorable tax will cause gross wages to adjust until the resulting net wage is equal to that available elsewhere. The current empirical findings go beyond confirming this long-run tendency and show that gross wages adjust rapidly to the changing tax environment. Thus, states cannot redistribute income for a period of even a few years. The adjustment of gross wages to tax rates implies that a more progressive tax system raises the cost to firms of hiring more highly skilled employees and reduces the cost of lower skilled labor. A more progressive tax thus induces firms to hire fewer high skilled employees and to hire more low skilled employees. Since state taxes cannot alter net wages, there can be no trade- off at the state level between distribution goals and economic efficiency. Shifts in state tax progressivity, by altering the structure of employment in the state and distorting the mix of labor inputs used by firms in the state, create deadweight efficiency losses without achieving any net redistribution of income.

Prompt Photon and Inclusive π0\pi^0 Production at RHIC and LHC

We present results for prompt photon and inclusive $\pi^0$ production in p-p and A-A collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. We include the full next-to-leading order radiative corrections and nuclear effects, such as nuclear shadowing and parton energy loss. We find the next-to-leading order corrections to be large and $p_T$ dependent. We show how measurements of $\pi^0$ production at RHIC and LHC, at large $p_T$, can provide valuable information about the nature of parton energy loss. We calculate the ratio of prompt photons to neutral pions and show that at RHIC energies this ratio increases with $p_T$ approaching one at $p_T \sim 10$ GeV, due to the large suppression of $\pi^0$ production. We show that at the LHC, this ratio has steep $p_T$ dependence and approaches 10% effect at $p_T \sim 20$ GeV.Comment: Talk presented by I. Sarcevic, to appear in the Proceedings of Quark Matter 2002; 4 pages including 4 color figure

The Ursinus Weekly, June 11, 1945

Forty Ursinus V-5\u27s to be transferred to Washington, D.C., at end of semester • Alumnus to lead Baccalaureate; doctor to speak at graduation • Guest pastors lead church discussions • Bond drive needs $105 to reach goal • Dr. Carter to teach history at Denver U. after 17 years here • Sororities choose officers for \u2745-\u2746 • Schroeder to head next year\u27s sophs • Ruby will not be out by June 25; copies will be sent by mail • Debaters hold annual banquet as farewell for club adviser • Ursinus alumni cancel meeting • George MacNeal named king of the June as spring fandancy presentation ends • Betty J. Cassatt, Nancy Twining present readings at vespers • Professors should heed students\u27 hunger growls says eater-in-classroom • Coeds trounce Penn; Bears beat Kings Point • Girls trip Penn 14-0; Erma Keyes fans 8, allows three hits • JV\u27s get 3 homers, defeat Penn 26-9 • Deck 2, Curtis, wins inter-deck thriller with 3 runs in 7th • Ursinus nine noses out Kings Point, 5-3; bears rally, score three runs in ninth • Third team victors; trounce Penn 32-14 • Two coeds become local softball refs • Courtenay Richardson is awarded medal by WAA for outstanding achievement • Cast of Royal Family production entertains Helfferichs at dinner • Lutheran students hold service in old Trappe church Thursday • Freshman reviews pleasures and pains of first year herehttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1711/thumbnail.jp

On ordered Ramsey numbers of matchings versus triangles

For graphs $G^<$ and $H^<$ with linearly ordered vertex sets, the \ordered Ramsey number $r_<(G^<,H^<)$ is the smallest positive integer $N$ such that any red-blue coloring of the edges of the complete ordered graph $K^<_N$ on $N$ vertices contains either a blue copy of $G^<$ or a red copy of $H^<$. Motivated by a problem of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov (2017), we study the numbers $r_<(M^<,K^<_3)$ where $M^<$ is an ordered matching on $n$ vertices. We prove that almost all $n$-vertex ordered matchings $M^<$ with interval chromatic number 2 satisfy $r_<(M^<,K^<_3) \in \Omega((n/\log n)^{5/4})$ and $r_<(M^<,K^<_3) \in O(n^{7/4})$, improving a recent result by Rohatgi (2019). We also show that there are $n$-vertex ordered matchings $M^<$ with interval chromatic number at least 3 satisfying $r_<(M^<,K^<_3) \in \Omega((n/\log n)^{4/3})$, which asymptotically matches the best known lower bound on these off-diagonal ordered Ramsey numbers for general $n$-vertex ordered matchings.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures; extended abstract to appear at EuroComb 202

Predictions for net-proton and net-kaon distributions at LHC energies

We investigate baryon and charge transport in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, compare with Au + Au RHIC data at sqrt(s_NN)=0.2 TeV, and make predictions for net-proton rapidity distributions in central Pb + Pb collisions at CERN LHC energies of sqrt(s_NN)=2.8, 3.9, and 5.5 TeV. We use the gluon saturation model and put special emphasis on the midrapidity valley |y|< 2. Net-kaon distributions are calculated and compared to BRAHMS Au + Au data at RHIC energies of sqrt(s_NN)= 0.2 TeV, and predicted for Pb + Pb at 5.5 TeV.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures; added remarks, results unchange

Can State Taxes Redistribute Income?

The evidence presented in this paper supports the basic theoretical presumption that state and local governments cannot redistribute income. Since individuals can avoid unfavorable taxes by migrating to jurisdictions that offer more favorable tax conditions, a relatively unfavorable tax will cause gross wages to adjust until the resulting net wage is equal to that available elsewhere. The current empirical findings go beyond confirming this long-run tendency and show that gross wages adjust rapidly to the changing tax environment. Thus, states cannot redistribute income for a period of even a few years. The adjustment of gross wages to tax rates implies that a more progressive tax system raises the cost to firms of hiring more highly skilled employees and reduces the cost of lower skilled labor. A more progressive tax thus induces firms to hire fewer high skilled employees and to hire more low skilled employees. Since state taxes cannot alter net wages, there can be no trade-off at the state level between distribution goals and economic efficiency. Shifts in state tax progressivity, by altering the structure of employment in the state and distorting the mix of labor inputs used by firms in the state, create deadweight efficiency losses without achieving any net redistribution.Economic

Growth and Morphological Responses to Irradiance in Three Forest Understory Species of the C4 Grass Genus Muhlenbergia

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2995468.Three species of the C4 grass genus Muhlenbergia—M. frondosa, M. sobolifera, and M. schreberi— were collected from forest understory sites in northeastern Kansas and grown in a growth chamber at 1,500, 150, and 15-25 fjimol m~2 s - 1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Leaf, stem, root, and total biomasses and several morphological and anatomical characteristics were measured after 35-38 days. Results were compared with similar measurements for M. cuspidata collected from exposed prairie sites. Although all species grew maximally at the highest PPFD, M. sobolifera grew equally well at medium PPFD. Few anatomical changes were correlated with changes in PPFD except leaf thickness, which increased with increasing PPFD. The results indicate that, while the understory species of Muhlenbergia can adjust morphologically to some extent to shaded environments, they produce more biomass at higher PPFD

Photosynthetic Responses to Irradiance in Three Forest Understory Species of the C4 Grass Genus Muhlenbergia

This is the publisher's official version, also available electronically from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2995345Three species of the C4 grass genus Muhlenbergia—M.frondosa, M. sobolifera, and Af. schreberi—were collected from forest understory habitats in Kansas and grown in a growth chamber at 1,500, 150, and 15- 25 |xmol m"2 s"1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Assimilation (A), conductance to C02 , intercellular C02 concentration, chlorophyll (chl) concentrations, and photosystem I electron-transport capacity were determined and compared with results for Af. cuspidata, which occurs only in open, prairie areas. All of the shade species exhibited more shade tolerance than the prairie species: they had lower maximum A, saturation of A, and photosystem I electron transport with respect to PPFD, higher quantum yields that increased with decreasing growth PPFD, and increasing chl concentrations with decreasing PPFD