Linear Inequality Measures and the Redistribution of Income

A class of inequality measures that is a natural companion to the popular Lorenz curve is the class of measures that are linear in incomes. These measures, which include the Gini and S-Gini coefficients, can be interpreted as ethical means of relative deprivation feelings. Their change through the tax and benefit system can be decomposed simply as a sum of progressivity indices for individual taxes and benefits, minus an index of horizontal inequity measured by the extent of reranking in the population. These progressivity and horizontal inequity indices can also be interpreted as ethical means of perceptions of fiscal harshness and ill-performance. We furthermore derive the asymptotic sampling distribution of these classes of indices of redistribution, progressivity, and horizontal inequity, which enables their use with micro-data on a population. We illustrate the theoretical and statistical results through an application on the distribution and redistribution of income in Canada in 1981 and in 1990.

Virtual manufacturing: prediction of work piece geometric quality by considering machine and set-up

Lien vers la version éditeur: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0951192X.2011.569952#.U4yZIHeqP3UIn the context of concurrent engineering, the design of the parts, the production planning and the manufacturing facility must be considered simultaneously. The design and development cycle can thus be reduced as manufacturing constraints are taken into account as early as possible. Thus, the design phase takes into account the manufacturing constraints as the customer requirements; more these constraints must not restrict the creativity of design. Also to facilitate the choice of the most suitable system for a specific process, Virtual Manufacturing is supplemented with developments of numerical computations (Altintas et al. 2005, Bianchi et al. 1996) in order to compare at low cost several solutions developed with several hypothesis without manufacturing of prototypes. In this context, the authors want to predict the work piece geometric more accurately by considering machine defects and work piece set-up, through the use of process simulation. A particular case study based on a 3 axis milling machine will be used here to illustrate the authors’ point of view. This study focuses on the following geometric defects: machine geometric errors, work piece positioning errors due to fixture system and part accuracy

Manufacturing Process Modeling and Simulation

This paper presents a methodology to be employed in the whole process design phase including first and second processing. This methodology consists of a set of steps which are characterised by an independent model. This paper’s objective is to analyse the coherence between the different models and the coherence between the model and the objectives of each step. The final stage is to develop the production plans. The casting process was the first one to be analyzed. Casting models were created using CAD software (Catia V5R17) and imported into the casting simulation environment (Magmasoft). Filling and solidifying processes have been simulated using different casting models in order to optimize the final configuration. The machining process was modeled using the machining features concept and it was simulated using Catia’s Advanced Machining environment. Two machining strategies have been analyzed according to positioning strategies. Process engineering software was used to create the process plans and to analyze the resource allocation

Inégalités régionales et inégalités sociales : L'enseignement secondaire au Cameroun septentrional

Jean-Yves Martin : Regionale und soziale Ungleichheiten ; das höhere Schulwesen im Nordkamerun. Es handelt sich um einen Versuch zur Analyse der soziologischen Komponenten der regionalen und sozialen Ungleichheiten und deren Auswirkungen auf die Sozialstruktur im Unterrichtswesen, anhand einer Befragung von Oberschiilern in Nordkamrun. Drei Hauptschlussfolgerungen werden herausgestellt : die ethnischen Ungleichheiten in Bezug auf die Einschulung (Grundschule oder höhere Schule) bilden sich sofort bei Eintritt in die Grundschule. Mehr als eine Frage des Erfolgs, handelt es sich hier um ein Problem der Ausdauer im Unterricht, das aufgeklart werden muss. Auf dem Hintergrund der heutigen. Schulungleichheit mit ethnischen Charakter beginnt die Reproduktion der sozialen Ungleichheit.Jean-Yves Martin : Местные неравенства и социальные неравенства; среднее образование в северном Камеруне. Этот текст является попыткой анализа социологических и компонентных отражений на уровне социальной структуры местных и социальных неравенств, в области образования, на основании анкеты с учениками по среднему образованию в северном Камеруне. Выводятся три главные заключения : этнические неравенства в школьной области (основной и средней) образуются с момента вступления в основной цикл; разъяснение школьного постоянства является более важные чем объяснение школьных успехов; неравенство социальных классов начинает воссоздаваться на основании наблюдаемых в настоящее время школьных неравенств этнического характера.Jean Yves Martin : Regional and Social Inequalities : Secondary School Education in the Northern Cameroons. This texts attempts to analyze some sociological elements in regional and social inequalities in education and some of their repercussions at the level of social structure. A survey of secondary school students in the Northern Cameroons is used. Three principal conclusions come out: ethnic inequalities in primary and secondary school attendance appear at the beginning of the primary cycle; rather than success, the problem of perseverance in school must be elucidated; social class inequalities are beginning to be produced against the background of presentday educational inequalities of an ethnic nature.Jean Yves Martin : Desigualdades régionales y desigualdades sociales. La M'gunrla ensenanza en Camerún del Norte. Ese texto es una tentative para analizar los componentes sociológicos y sus efectos en. la estructura social de las desigualdades regionales y sociales en cuanto a la ensenanza, y eso a partir de una encuesta a propósito de los alumnos. de la segunda ensenanza en Camerún del Norte. Se destacan très conclusiones principales : las desigualdades étnicas en cuanto a la escolarización (primera y segunda ensenanza) se constituyen en cuanto se entra en la primera ensenanza; más bien que /un problema de éxito, es un problema de perseverencia en la escuela que hay que aclarar; es en el fondo de las desigualdades escolares actuales de carácter étnico que empiezan a repetirse desigualdades de los clases sociales.Martin Jean-Yves. Inégalités régionales et inégalités sociales : l'enseignement secondaire au Cameroun septentrional. In: Revue française de sociologie, 1975, 16-3. pp. 317-334