ROC curve and PPV-NPV plot of clinical prediction rule for histological chorioamnionitis (A+B) and histological chorioamnionitis with fetal involvement (C+D).

<p>Figures in PPV-NPV plots indicate inclusive (≥) cut-off values for positive test scores.</p

Logistic regression model and clinical prediction rule for histological chorioamnionitis.

<p>Logistic regression model and clinical prediction rule for prediction of histological chorioamnionitis. Abbreviations: SE = standard error; SGA = small for gestational age; PPROM = preterm premature rupture of membranes.</p

Derivation cohort baseline characteristics.

<p>Derivation cohort baseline characteristics. for mother-infant pairs with and without histological chorioamnionitis (HC; left), and with and without histological chorioamnionitis with fetal involvement (HCF; right). Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; HELLP = haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets; PPROM = preterm premature rupture of membranes.</p

Logistic regression model and clinical prediction rule for histological chorioamnionitis with fetal involvement.

<p>Logistic regression models and clinical prediction rules for prediction of histologic chorioamnionitis with fetal involvement. Abbreviations: SE = standard error; PPROM = preterm premature rupture of membranes; SGA = small for gestational age.</p

Clinical prediction rule test characteristics.

<p>Clinical prediction rule test characteristics for histological chorioamnionitis (HC) and histological chorioamnionitis with fetal involvement (HCF). Abbreviations: ROC = receiver operating characteristics; PPV = positive predictive value; NPV = negative predictive value; LLR+ = likelihood ratio of positive test; LLR− = likelihood ratio of negative test.</p

Amount and pattern of physical activity and sedentary behavior are associated with kidney function and kidney damage: The Maastricht Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Chronic kidney disease, which is defined as having a reduced kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)) and/or signs of kidney damage (albuminuria), is highly prevalent in Western society and is associated with adverse health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease. This warrants a search for risk factors of lower eGFR and higher albuminuria. Physical activity and sedentary behavior may be such risk factors.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To examine associations of physical activity (total, high, low), sedentary time and sedentary behavior patterns (breaks, prolonged bouts, average bout duration) with eGFR and albuminuria.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We examined these associations in 2,258 participants of the Maastricht Study (average age 60.1±8.1 years; 51.3% men), who wore an accelerometer 24h/day on 7 consecutive days. Associations with continuous eGFR and categories of urinary albumin excretion (UAE; <15 [reference category], 15-<30, ≥30 mg/24h) were evaluated with linear regression analyses and multinomial logistic regression analyses, respectively.</p><p>Results</p><p>After adjustment for potential confounders, each extra hour of total physical activity was associated with a more favorable kidney function (beta_eGFR = 2.30 (95%CI = 1.46; 3.14)), whereas each extra hour of sedentary behavior was associated with a more adverse kidney function (beta_eGFR = -0.71 (-1.08; -0.35)). Also, compared to individuals with the lowest levels of total physical activity, individuals with the highest levels had less kidney damage (OR_15-<30mg/24h = 0.63 (0.41; 0.96), OR_≥30mg/24h = 0.84 (0.53; 1.35). An extra hour of sedentary behavior was associated with more kidney damage (OR_{15-<30 mg/24h} = 1.11 (1.01; 1.22), OR_{≥30 mg/24h} = 1.10 (0.99; 1.22)). Further, a highly sedentary pattern was associated with a more adverse kidney function, but no association was seen with kidney damage.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Physical activity and sedentary behavior were associated with kidney function and kidney damage. Additionally, sedentary behavior patterns were associated with kidney function. Causal studies are required to examine whether this indeed implicates that prevention strategies should focus not only on increasing physical activity, but on reducing sedentary behavior as well.</p></div

Adjusted means of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables according to eGFR_crcys categories.

<p>Adjusted means of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables according to eGFR_crcys categories.</p

Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables with eGFR_crcys.

<p>Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables with eGFR_crcys.</p

Adjusted means of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables according to albuminuria categories.

<p>Adjusted means of physical activity and sedentary behavior variables according to albuminuria categories.</p

Characteristics of the total study population and stratified according to quartiles of total amount of sedentary time.

<p>Characteristics of the total study population and stratified according to quartiles of total amount of sedentary time.</p