Konstruksi gender dalam Novel Isinga karya Dorothea Rosa Herliany

Molecular structures of the basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornubite, cornwallite, and clinoclase were studied using a combination of infrared emission spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Infrared emission spectra of the basic copper arsenates were obtained over the temperature range 100 to 1000°C. The IR emission spectra of the four minerals are different, in line with differences in crystal structure and composition. The Raman spectra are similar, particularly in the OH-stretching region, but characteristic differences in the deformation regions are observed. Differences are also observed in the arsenate stretching and bending regions. Infrared emission studies show that the minerals are completely dehydroxylated by 550°C

The vibrational spectroscopy of minerals

This thesis focuses on the vibrational spectroscopy of the aragonite and vivianite arsenate minerals (erythrite, annabergite and hörnesite), specifically the assignment of the spectra. The infrared and Raman spectra of cerussite have been assigned according to the vibrational symmetry species. The assignment of satellite bands to 18O isotopes has been discussed with respect to the use of these bands to the quantification of the isotopes. Overtone and combination bands have been assigned according to symmetry species and their corresponding fundamental vibrations. The vibrational spectra of cerussite have been compared with other aragonite group minerals and the differences explained on the basis of differing chemistry and crystal structures of these minerals. The single crystal spectra of natural erythrite has been reported and compared with the synthetic equivalent. The symmetry species of the vibrations have been assigned according to single crystal and factor group considerations. Deuteration experiments have allowed the assignment of water vibrational freque ncies to discrete water molecules in the crystal structure. Differences in the spectra of other vivianite arsenates, namely annabergite and hörnesite, have been explained by consideration of their differing chemistry and crystal structures. A novel approach to the assignment of site occupancy of ions in the erythrite - annabergite solid solution has been reported. This approach has utilised vibrational spectroscopy, in conjunction with careful consideration of the crystal structures of the minerals. It has been shown that in the erythrite - annabergite solid solution Coprefers metal site 2 contrasting nickel which prefers site 1. This study in conjunction with other studies has yielded the trend that the more electronegative metal prefers to occupy site 1, with the least electronegative metal preferring to occupy site 2. Fundamentally this thesis has increased the knowledge base of the spectroscopic properties of the aragonite and the vivianite minerals. The site occupancy of metal ion substitutions in solid solution series of the vivianite group of minerals has been further enhanced, with novel method of studying the site occupancy of ions in solid solutions has been developed. A detailed knowledge and understanding of factor group analysis applied to the study of minerals has been achieved

The vibrational spectroscopy of minerals

This thesis focuses on the vibrational spectroscopy of the aragonite and\ud \ud vivianite arsenate minerals (erythrite, annabergite and hörnesite), specifically the\ud \ud assignment of the spectra. The infrared and Raman spectra of cerussite have been\ud \ud assigned according to the vibrational symmetry species. The assignment of satellite\ud \ud bands to 18O isotopes has been discussed with respect to the use of these bands to the\ud \ud quantification of the isotopes. Overtone and combination bands have been assigned\ud \ud according to symmetry species and their corresponding fundamental vibrations. The\ud \ud vibrational spectra of cerussite have been compared with other aragonite group\ud \ud minerals and the differences explained on the basis of differing chemistry and crystal\ud \ud structures of these minerals.\ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud The single crystal spectra of natural erythrite has been reported and compared\ud \ud with the synthetic equivalent. The symmetry species of the vibrations have been\ud \ud assigned according to single crystal and factor group considerations. Deuteration\ud \ud experiments have allowed the assignment of water vibrational freque ncies to discrete\ud \ud water molecules in the crystal structure. Differences in the spectra of other vivianite\ud \ud arsenates, namely annabergite and hörnesite, have been explained by consideration of\ud \ud their differing chemistry and crystal structures.\ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud A novel approach to the assignment of site occupancy of ions in the erythrite -\ud \ud annabergite solid solution has been reported. This approach has utilised vibrational\ud \ud spectroscopy, in conjunction with careful consideration of the crystal structures of the\ud \ud minerals. It has been shown that in the erythrite - annabergite solid solution Coprefers metal site 2 contrasting nickel which prefers site 1. This study in conjunction\ud \ud with other studies has yielded the trend that the more electronegative metal prefers to\ud \ud occupy site 1, with the least electronegative metal preferring to occupy site 2.\ud \ud \ud \ud \ud \ud Fundamentally this thesis has increased the knowledge base of the\ud \ud spectroscopic properties of the aragonite and the vivianite minerals. The site\ud \ud occupancy of metal ion substitutions in solid solution series of the vivianite group of\ud \ud minerals has been further enhanced, with novel method of studying the site occupancy\ud \ud of ions in solid solutions has been developed. A detailed knowledge and\ud \ud understanding of factor group analysis applied to the study of minerals has been\ud \ud achieved

Molecular Structure of the Adelite Group of Minerals - A Raman Spectroscopic Study

The application of Raman microscopy to the study of closely related mineral phases of the adelite group has enabled their molecular characterisation. The adelite group of minerals are orthorhombic arsenates and vanadates of general formula AB2+(XO4)(OH) where X may be As5+ or V5+ and cation A may be Ca or Pb; cation B may be Co or Cu and others. Raman spectroscopy has proven most powerful for the identification of these minerals. In particular the position of the hydroxyl stretching vibrations and most of the arsenate bands have been identified. The two minerals tangeite and calciovolborthite have previously been identified as the same mineral. Raman spectroscopy has proven that the minerals are not identical and have different structures. The application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of these minerals shows that increased distortion of the arsenate anion occur as the cationic substitution from conichalcite to austinite to duftite occurs

Vibrational spectroscopy of the basic manganese, ferric and ferrous phosphate minerals: strunzite, ferristrunzite and ferrostrunzite

The Raman spectra of strunzite, ferristrunzite and ferrostrunzite have been obtained at 298 and 77K using a combination of a thermal stage and Raman microscopy. These spectra are compared with their infrared spectra. The vibrational spectra of the two minerals are different, in line with differences in crystal structure and composition. Some similarity in the Raman spectra of the hydroxyl-stretching region exists, particularly at 298K, but characteristic differences in the OH deformation regions are observed. Significant shifts in the position of the Raman bands are observed by obtaining the spectra at 77K. Differences are also observed in the phosphate stretching and deformation regions

The basic copper phosphate minerals pseudomalachite, ludjibaite and reichenbachite : an infrared emission and Raman spectroscopic study

The molecular structures of the trimorphous basic copper phosphate minerals pseudomalachite, ludjibaite and reichenbachite have been studied using a combination of infrared emission spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Infrared emission spectra have been obtained over the temperature range 100 to 1000 °C. Infrared emission spectra of the three minerals are different, in line with differences in crystal structure and composition. IR emission spectra show that the minerals are completely dehydroxylated by 550 °C. The thermal decomposition patterns for the three minerals are different and reflect their stability. Raman spectra are similar, particularly in the stretching region, but characteristic differences in the deformation regions are observed. Differences are also observed in the phosphate stretching and bending regions

Raman spectroscopy of the minerals boleite, cumengeite, diaboleite and phosgenite : implications for the analysis of cosmetics of antiquity

The application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of the mixed cationic Pb-Cu and Pb-Cu-Ag minerals: boleite, cumengeite and diaboleite has enabled their molecular structures to be compared. Each of these three minerals shows different hydroxyl-stretching vibrational patterns, but some similarity exists in the Raman spectra of the hydroxyl-deformation modes. The low-wavenumber region is characterized by the bands assigned to the cation-chloride stretching and bending modes. Phosgenite is also a mixed chloride-carbonate mineral and a comparison is made with the molecular structure of the aforementioned minerals. Raman spectroscopy lends itself to the study of these types of minerals in complex mineral systems of secondary mineral formation

Raman spectroscopy of the copper chloride minerals nantokite, eriochalcite and claringbullite : implications for copper corrosion

The application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of the copper chloride minerals nantokite, eriochalcite and claringbullite has enabled the vibrational modes for the CuCl, CuOH and CuOH₂ to be determined. Nantokite is characterised by bands at 205 and 155 cm⁻¹ attributed to the transverse and longitudinal optic vibrations. Nantokite also has an intense band at 463 cm⁻¹, eriochalcite at 405 and 390 cm⁻¹ and claringbullite at 511 cm⁻¹. These bands are attributed to CuO stretching modes. Water librational bands at around 672 cm⁻¹ for eriochalcite have been identified and hydroxyl deformation modes of claringbullite at 970, 906 and 815 cm⁻¹ are observed. Spectra of the three minerals are so characteristically different that the minerals are readily identified by Raman spectroscopy. The minerals are often determined in copper corrosion products by X-ray diffraction. Raman spectroscopy offers a rapid, in-situ technique for the identification of these corrosion products

Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the Vivianite-group Phosphates Vivianite, Baricite and Bobierrite

The molecular structure of the three vivianite-structure, compositionally related phosphate minerals vivianite, baricite and bobierrite of formula M32+(PO4)2.8H2O where M is Fe or Mg, has been assessed using a combination of Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of the hydroxyl-stretching region are complex with overlapping broad bands. Hydroxyl stretching vibrations are identified at 3460, 3281, 3104 and 3012 cm–1 for vivianite. The high wavenumber band is attributed to the presence of FeOH groups. This complexity is reflected in the water HOH-bending modes where a strong IR band centred around 1660 cm–1 is found. Such a band reflects the strong hydrogen bonding of the water molecules to the phosphate anions in adjacent layers. Spectra show three distinct OH-bending bands from strongly hydrogen-bonded, weakly hydrogen bonded water and non-hydrogen bonded water. The Raman phosphate PO-stretching region shows strong similarity between the three minerals. In the IR spectra, complexity exists with multiple antisymmetric stretching vibrations observed, due to the reduced tetrahedral symmetry. This loss of degeneracy is also reflected in the bending modes. Strong IR bands around 800 cm–1 are attributed to water librational modes. The spectra of the three minerals display similarities due to their compositions and crystal structures, but sufficient subtle differences exist for the spectra to be useful in distinguishing the species