mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon of mice with DSS- induced colitis.

<p>Legend as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057668#pone-0057668-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>. Data are mean ± SEM and represents pooled data from 9–10 mice per group. Significantly different from mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with PBS, ** <i>p</i><0.01.</p

Effect of rivastigmine with and without scopolamine on CD11b+ cell infiltration in DSS-induced colitis.

<p>A: Immunofluorescence stained mouse tissue sections showing CD11b (red) cells. White arrows show cells which express with CD11b+ in colitis tissue (pink). B: Quantification of the pink CD11b+ expressing cells (ImageJ) in the samples of mice colon sections. Data represent the mean ± SEM from three slides per animal, 6 animals per group; scale bar 20 µm. Significantly different from mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with PBS, **<i>p</i><0.01; significantly different from mice treated with rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg), # <i>p</i><0.05; significantly different from mice treated with rivastigmine (1 mg/kg), ^§<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Effect of rivastigmine treatment on macroscopic parameters of acute colitis in mice treated with DSS.

<p>DDS = dextran sulphate solution. PBS phosphate buffered saline. Riv 0.5 or 1 = mice treated with rivastigmine (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) once daily; Riv 1+ Scop 1 = mice treated with rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) once daily and scopolamine (1 mg/kg) bid; DAI = disease activity index. Significantly different from water+PBS ** p<0.01; significantly different from DSS+PBS,</p>‡<p>p<0.05.</p>‡‡<p>p<0.01; significantly different from DSS+Riv 0.5 mg,</p>#<p>p<0.05;</p>##<p>p<0.01; significantly different from DSS+Riv 1 mg/kg,</p>§<p>p<0.05;</p>§§<p>p<0.01.</p

Effect of rivastigmine on cytokines and MPO activity in colon of mice with DSS-induced colitis.

<p>PBS = phosphate buffered saline. DSS = dextran sodium sulphate. Data are mean ± SEM, Significantly different from mice treated with PBS and drinking DSS *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01.</p

Cholinesterase inhibition by rivastigmine in colon, plasma, and brain of DSS drinking treated mice.

<p>Rivastigmine 0.5 or 1 = mice treated with rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) once daily. Data represent percent ChE inhibition induced by rivastigmine compared to that in mice treated with PBS and drinking DSS. Data represent the mean ± SEM from 10 animals. Significantly different from value in mice treated with rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg), **<i>p</i><0.01.</p

Effect of rivastigmine treatment on macroscopic parameters of acute colitis induced in rats by DNBS.

<p>DNBS = dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid. DW = distilled water. Riv = rivastigmine. Significantly different from DNBS, **p<0.01.</p

Histopathological characterization of colon segments mice with DSS-induced colitis.

<p>Magnification×10. A: Distal colon sections of control mouse showing well organized crypts with goblet cells (1) and lamina propria (2). B: Colon of PBS-injected mouse with DSS-induced colitis showing crypt loss (1), mucosal erosions, sub-mucosal edema and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells (2). C: Colon of mouse treated with rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg) that partially repaired the crypt dysplasia (1) but had little effect on cellular infiltrate and edema of the sub-mucosal layer (2). D: Colon of mouse treated with rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) that partially restored crypt damage (1), reduced sub-mucosal edema (2) and prevented cellular inflammatory infiltrate. E: Co administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) increased sub-mucosal edema and cellular infiltrate compared to that in colon of mice given rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) alone.</p

Effect of rivastigmine on TNF-α and IL-6 released from peritoneal macrophages of DSS treated mice.

<p>Legend as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057668#pone-0057668-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>. Data are mean ± SEM and represent pooled data from 6 animals per group. Significantly different from mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with PBS, ** <i>p</i><0.01.</p

Effect of rivastigmine and carbachol on the release of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.

<p>Data represent the mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicates. Significantly different from LPS alone, **<i>p</i><0.01.</p

Effect of rivastigmine on TNF-α, MPO, TBARS and ChE activity in rats with DNBS-induced colitis.

<p>ChE = ChE activity. Data are mean ± SEM from 13 animals per group. Percent of reduction compared to values in group treated with distilled water and DNBS. Significantly different from the rats treated by rectal administration of rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) *<i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01.</p