Effects of initial-state dynamics on collective flow within a coupled transport and viscous hydrodynamic approach

We evaluate the effects of preequilibrium dynamics on observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We simulate the initial nonequilibrium phase within A MultiPhase Transport (AMPT) model, while the subsequent near-equilibrium evolution is modeled using (2+1)-dimensional relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. We match the two stages of evolution carefully by calculating the full energy-momentum tensor from AMPT and using it as input for the hydrodynamic evolution. We find that when the preequilibrium evolution is taken into account, final-state observables are insensitive to the switching time from AMPT to hydrodynamics. Unlike some earlier treatments of preequilibrium dynamics, we do not find the initial shear viscous tensor to be large. With a shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of $0.12$, our model describes quantitatively a large set of experimental data on Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC) over a wide range of centrality: differential anisotropic flow $v_n(p_T) ~(n=2-6)$, event-plane correlations, correlation between $v_2$ and $v_3$, and cumulant ratio $v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$.Comment: 10 pages, v2: minor revisio

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses of the Bifidobacteriaceae family

Phylogenetic trees of the Bifidobacteriaceae family. Panel a display the 16S rRNA gene-based tree of the current recognized (sub) species of the family. Panel b shows the phylogenetic tree based on the concatenation of the amino acid sequences of five housekeeping genes including hsp60, rpoB, dnaJ, dnaG and clpC. For each tree, bootstrap values higher than 70 are marked near the respective nodes. (TIFF 2260 kb