Distinct effects of Lactobacillus plantarum KL30B and Escherichia coli 3A1 on the induction and development of acute and chronic inflammation

OBJECTIVE: Enteric bacteria are involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. In experimental colitis, a breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier results in inflow of various gut bacteria, induction of acute inflammation and finally, progression to chronic colitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study we compared pro-inflammatory properties of two bacterial strains isolated from human microbiome, Escherichia coli 3A1 and Lactobacillus plantarum KL30B. The study was performed using two experimental models of acute inflammation: peritonitis in mice and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. RESULTS: Both bacterial strains induced massive neutrophil infiltration upon injection into sterile peritoneal cavity. However, peritoneal exudate cells stimulated in vitro with E. coli 3A1, produced far more nitric oxide, than those stimulated with L. plantarum KL30B. Interestingly, distinct effect on the development of TNBS-induced colitis was observed after oral administration of the tested bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum KL30B evoked strong acute colitis. On the contrary, the administration of E. coli 3A1 resulted in a progression of colitis to chronicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that distinct effects of bacterial administration on the development of ongoing inflammation is strain specific and depends on the final effect of cross-talk between bacteria and cells of the innate immune system

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is a potent inducer of phagocyte hyperinflammation

Objective Pseudomonas aeruginosa effectively facilitate resistance to phagocyte killing by biofilm formation. However,b the cross talk between biofilm components and phagocytes is still unclear. We hypothesize that a biofilm provides a concentrated extracellular source of LPS, DNA and exopolysaccharides (EPS), which polarize neighbouring phagocytes into an adverse hyperinflammatory state of activation. Methods We measured the release of a panel of mediators produced in vitro by murine neutrophils and macrophages exposed to various biofilm components of P. aeruginosa cultures. Results We found that conditioned media from a high biofilm-producing strain of P. aeruginosa, PAR5, accumulated high concentrations of extracellular bacterial LPS, DNA and EPS by 72 h. These conditioned media induced phagocytes to release a hyperinflammatory pattern of mediators, with enhanced levels of $TNF-\alpha$, IL-6, IL12p40, $PGE_{2}$ and NO. Moreover, the phagocytes also upregulated COX-2 and iNOS with no influence on the expression of arginase-1. Conclusions Phagocytes exposed to biofilm microenvironment, called by us biofilm-associated neutrophils/macrophages (BANs/BAMs), display secretory properties similar to that of N1/M1-type phagocytes. These results suggest that in vivo high concentrations of LPS and DNA, trapped in biofilm by EPS, might convert infiltrating phagocytes into cells responsible for tissue injury without direct contact with bacteria and phagocytosis

Tourist volume in Tarnów and accommodation resources of the city

Przedmiotem pracy jest ukazanie ruchu turystycznego Tarnowa oraz zasobów bazy noclegowej jakimi dysponuje miasto w relacji do potrzeb ruch turystycznego. W pracy przedstawiono czynniki determinujące ruch turystyczny w Tarnowie, ruch turystyczny miasta z uwzględnieniem aktualnych danych dotyczących liczby turystów przyjeżdżających do miasta i regionu, długości pobytu, sezonowości przyjazdów, pochodzenia osób odwiedzających, głównych celi przyjazdu, a także struktury wydatków turystów, miejsca zakwaterowania i prognoz na najbliższe lata. Dodatkowo zaprezentowano bazę noclegową, stanowiącą istotny element warunkujący rozwój turystyki na ziemi tarnowskiej.Literatura wykorzystana w pracy związana jest z turystyką, ruchem turystycznym, bazą noclegową oraz hotelarstwem. Dodatkowo do opracowania posłużyły statystyki, analizy dokumentów prawnych, sprawozdania i strategie miasta Tarnowa. W pracy wykorzystany został również kwestionariusz ankiety.The main purpose of this thesis is to present tourist volume in Tarnów and accommodation resources of the city in relation to tourists’ demands. In the thesis factors determining tourist volume in Tarnów were presented with special attention to current data related to number of tourists coming to the city and the region, the length of their sojourn, seasonal aspect of the stay, origins of the people visiting and main purposes of their stay. Structure of tourists’ expenditure, place of accommodation and forecast for coming years were also considered. Additionally accommodation resources were described as they constitute relevant factor in the development of tourism in Tarnów region.The literature used in the thesis is related to tourism, tourist volume, accommodation resources and hotel industry. Additionally statistics, legal documents, reports and strategies of the city of Tarnów were used. A questionnaire was also applied in the process of writing this thesis