La política social de la CEE

Social policy European Economic Communit

Evaluación económica y ambiental del uso y mantenimiento de edificios

Debido a un diseño poco reflexivo de los edificios en cuanto a los costes mantenimiento, hoy en día hay edificios extremadamente costosos en este aspecto, tanto económica como ambientalmente hablando. Con el fin de reducir estos excesos, es necesario desarrollar una base de costes con la que se puedan estimar los recursos requeridos para limpiar y mantener los edificios. En esta tesis se presenta una metodología para estimar esos costes y el impacto ambiental, en términos de Huella Ecológica (HE), asociados al consumo de suministros, tareas de limpieza, y mantenimiento y renovación de los elementos constructivos durante la vida útil de los edificios. Dadas las numerosas peculiaridades identificadas para este tipo de actividades comparado con la construcción de edificios, es necesario definir una nueva metodología de cálculo, con sus propias hipótesis y formulación. Esta metodología se aplica después al caso de estudio de una residencia de estudiantes con capacidad para 139 residentes. Los resultados distribuyen la HE anual del edificio (74,28 hag/año) en un 7,24 % para las labores de limpieza, un 16,20 % para el mantenimiento, y el restante 76,56 % para el consumo de suministros, el cual se traduce casi íntegramente en huella de carbono. Los costes económicos, sin embargo, están dominados por la limpieza, con un 64 %. El consumo de suministros y el mantenimiento suponen un 20 % y un 16 % respectivamente. Sin tener en cuenta el consumo de suministros, los resultados alcanzan un reparto uniforme entre las seis categorías de HE debido a la gran necesidad de mano de obra para estas actividades. El desarrollo de esta metodología es esencial para la cuantificación detallada del coste económico y el impacto ambiental de la fase de uso y mantenimiento de los edificios. Se utilizan tasas de actualización de moneda y HE para expresar los resultados en términos del año actual.Due to poor design of buildings in terms of maintenance, there are a number of buildings today that remain extremely expensive to maintain, both economically and environmentally. In order to mitigate these overheads, the development of a cost database is needed with which the resources required to clean and maintain buildings can be estimated. This thesis presents a methodology to estimate these costs and the environmental impact, in terms of Ecological Footprint (EF), associated to the utility consumption, cleaning tasks and maintenance and renovation of constructive elements during the service life of buildings. Given the numerous peculiarities identified for this type of activity compared to the construction of buildings, it is necessary to define a new methodology of calculation, with its own assumptions and formulae. This methodology is the applied to the case of a college dormitory that houses up to 139 residents. The results show that cleaning tasks account for 7.24 % of the annual EF of the building (74.28 gha/yr), while maintenance accounts for 16.20 % and the remaining 76.56 % for utility consumption, which almost totally translates into carbon footprint. On the other hand, the economic costs are dominated by cleaning (64 %). Utility consumption and maintenance account for 20 % and 16 % respectively. Without taking into account the utility consumption, the results are equally divided among the six categories of productive land due to the great requirements of manpower for these activities. The development of this methodology is essential for the detailed quantification of the costs and environmental impact of the use and maintenance phase of buildings. Discount rates are used to express costs and environmental impact in terms of the current year.Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado U

On the convenience of heteroscedasticity in highly multivariate disease mapping

Highly multivariate disease mapping has recently been proposed as an enhancement of traditional multivariate studies, making it possible to perform the joint analysis of a large number of diseases. This line of research has an important potential since it integrates the information of many diseases into a single model yielding richer and more accurate risk maps. In this paper we show how some of the proposals already put forward in this area display some particular problems when applied to small regions of study. Specifically, the homoscedasticity of these proposals may produce evident misfits and distorted risk maps. In this paper we propose two new models to deal with the variance-adaptivity problem in multivariate disease mapping studies and give some theoretical insights on their interpretation

Project-Based Learning and Technology in Early Childhood Education

Este artículo aborda los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la etapa de Educación Infantil que se ven especialmente favorecidos con el enfoque metodológico Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP) y las Tecnologías del Aprendizaje y el Conocimiento (TAC), entendidas como recursos educativos a utilizar en el aula. Nuestra investigación presenta un análisis del uso que hace el profesorado de las TAC en el marco metodológico del ABP a partir de un estudio de campo realizado entre una muestra de profesores de la etapa de Educación Infantil de la Región de Murcia. En él se describen los parámetros profesionales relacionados con las buenas prácticas educativas del profesorado que utiliza esta metodología en su aula.This paper approches the teaching and learning processes in the Infant Education Stage that can be improved through the Project Method and the Learning and Knowledge Technologies. The essay analyses and explains the performed field survey between a sample of teachers that work at the Infant Education Stage in different schools of the "Región de Murcia". Finally, we describe the different professional parameters related with good practices in education between those teachers that use the Project Method and the Learning and Communication Technologies

Natural Stabilized Earth Panels versus Conventional Façade Systems. Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment

More effective construction technologies are needed nowadays in order to reduce construction energy consumption during the life-cycle of buildings. Besides which, it is necessary to consider the economic feasibility and associated costs within the framework of these alternative technologies so as to favouring their practical implementation in the construction sector. In this sense, this paper presents an economic and environmental comparison of a new non-bearing façade construction solution based on the extruded unfired stabilized clay panels as opposed to three traditional solutions with similar physical, thermal, and aesthetic characteristics in terms of the exterior cladding. The proposed panels are a sandwich type configuration with an intermediate insulating material and two exterior pieces manufactured by extrusion with raw earth stabilized with alginate and animal wool fibers. In this paper, details of the constructive technology of the system are provided. From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the solution is a valid alternative from the environmental point of view, considerably reducing the GlobalWarming Potential and the Cumulative Energy Demand. And although the environmental improvement of the system can be considered the primary objective of this investigation, on the other hand, once executed, it will also be a competitive constructive technology from the perspective of the system’s final costs

A comprehensive performance evaluation of different mobile manipulators used as displaceable 3D printers of building elements for the construction industry

The construction industry is currently technologically challenged to incorporate new developments for enhancing the process, such as the use of 3D printing for complex building structures,which is the aim of this brief. To do so, we show a systematic study regarding the usability and performance of mobile manipulators as displaceable 3D printing machinery in construction sites,with emphasis on the three main different existing mobile platforms: the car-like, the unicycleand the omnidirectional (mecanum wheeled), with an UR5 manipulator on them. To evaluate its performance, we propose the printing of the following building elements: helical, square, circular and mesh, with different sizes. As metrics, we consider the total control effort observed in the robots and the total tracking error associated with the energy consumed in the activity to get a more sustainable process. In addition, to further test our work, we constrained the robot workspace thus resemblingreal life construction sites. In general, the statistical results show that the omnidirectional platform presents the best results –lowest tracking error and lowest control effort– for circular, helicoidal and mesh building elements; and car-like platform shows the best results for square-like building element. Then,an innovative performance analysis is achieved for the printing of building elements, with a contribution to the reduction of energy consumptio

Carbon Footprint Estimation Tool for Residential Buildings for Non-Specialized Users: OERCO2 Project

Existing tools for environmental certification of buildings are failing in their ability to reach the general public and to create social awareness, since they require not only specialized knowledge regarding construction and energy sources, but also environmental knowledge. In this paper, an open-source online tool for the estimation of the carbon footprint of residential buildings by non-specialized users is presented as a product from the OERCO2 Erasmus + project. The internal calculations, data management and operation of this tool are extensively explained. The ten most common building typologies built in the last decade in Spain are analysed by using the OERCO2 tool, and the order of magnitude of the results is analysed by comparing them to the ranges determined by other authors. The OERCO2 tool proves itself to be reliable, with its results falling within the defined logical value ranges. Moreover, the major simplification of the interface allows non-specialized users to evaluate the sustainability of buildings. Further research is oriented towards its inclusion in other environmental certification tools and in Building Information Modeling (BIM) environments