Nueva estrategia didáctica para fomentar la participación del alumnado en el proceso de aprendizaje en el ámbito de la tecnología farmacéutica (continuación)

Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología AlimentariaFac. de FarmaciaFALSEsubmitte

Creación de un nuevo recurso educativo virtual para estudiantes de grado en Farmacia

Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología AlimentariaFac. de FarmaciaFALSEsubmitte

Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) on the programming of official controls on chemical hazards

La Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AECOSAN) y las comuni dades autónomas han elaborado un Documento de priorización y distribución de muestras para control oficial de peligros químicos con el propósito de mejorar la calidad y homogeneidad de los controles oficiales en el marco del Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria (PN COCA). Este Documento de priorización pretende distribuir la toma de muestras para control oficial en toda España, previa evaluación de los riesgos y de la capacidad analítica de los laboratorios. Ade más servirá de apoyo y orientación a las comunidades autónomas para que ejecuten sus progra mas de control oficial. El Documento de priorización define un modelo semicuantitativo, en el que se establecen las variables a las que se les asigna un valor numérico relativo para obtener una calificación final. La metodología de jerarquización se basa en aproximarse a la medida del riesgo dependiente de la presencia de un contaminante en un alimento, siendo el riesgo la suma de dos variables, el impacto en la salud de la población y la prevalencia en los productos de consumo. El Comité Científico concluye que el Documento de priorización y distribución de muestras de control oficial dirigidas a la determinación de peligros químicos es adecuado, en el momento actual, para el fin previsto. Este Documento deberá actualizarse periódicamente a la luz de la experiencia de su aplicación, el avance en los conocimientos científicos, los cambios en la legislación y las directrices y herramientas sobre priorización y muestreo que puedan desarrollarse a nivel nacional o de la Unión Europea.The Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) and the autonomous communities have prepared a Document for the prioritisation and distribution of samples for the official control of chemical hazards with the aim of improving the quality and uniformity of official controls in the framework of the National Food Chain Official Control Plan (PNCOCA). The prioritisation Document aims to distribute the sampling for official controls throughout Spain, following prior assessment of the risks and the analytical capacity of the laboratories. It will also serve to provide support and guidance to the autonomous communities in the implementation of their official control programmes. The prioritisation Document defines a semi-quantitative model which sets out the variables to which a relative numerical value is allocated in order to obtain a final qualification. The hierarchical methodology is based on estimating the extent of the risk depending on the presence of a contaminant in a food, where the risk is the sum of two variables, the impact on the health of the population and the prevalence in consumer products. The Scientific Committee concludes that the Document for the prioritisation and distribution of official control samples aimed at determining chemical hazards is adequate, at present, for the intended purpose. This Document should be regularly updated in light of the experience obtained from its application, progress in scientific knowledge, changes in the legislation and the directives and tools on prioritisation and sampling which may be developed at national or European Union level

Creación de nuevo recurso educativo virtual para estudiantes de grado en Farmacia

Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología AlimentariaFac. de FarmaciaFALSEsubmitte

Creación de un nuevo recurso educativo virtual para estudiantes de grado en Farmacia

Creación de un nuevo recurso educativo virtual para estudiantes de grado en Farmacia sobre la serialización de los medicamentos y los procesos de mezclado

Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) on the conditions of use of certain substances to be used in food supplements-4

Los complementos alimenticios son alimentos cuyo fin es complementar la dieta normal y que consisten en fuentes concentradas de nutrientes (vitaminas y minerales) o de otras sustancias que tienen un efecto nutricional o fisiológico, en forma simple o combinada. Los complementos se comercializan en forma dosificada, se entregan al consumidor final únicamente preenvasados. En ningún caso, deben sustituir al uso de medicamentos sin una supervisión médica adecuada. Sólo deben utilizarse para complementar la dieta y, de forma general, su uso no es necesario si se sigue una dieta variada y equilibrada, a la que no pueden reemplazar. En España los complementos alimenticios están regulados por el Real Decreto 1487/2009 que traspuso a la legislación española la Directiva 2002/46/CE relativa a la aproximación de las legislaciones de los estados miembros en materia de complementos alimenticios. Sin embargo, actualmente sólo está regulado el uso de vitaminas y minerales, por lo que se ha solicitado al Comité Científico que realice una valoración de la propuesta de autorización de la utilización de determinadas sustancias distintas de vitaminas y minerales en la fabricación de complementos alimenticios. Las sustancias propuestas por la Agencia Española de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AECOSAN) son: ácido L-aspártico, L-citrulina, glicina, L-prolina, L-serina, L-arginina-L-aspartato, L-lisina-L-aspartato, L-lisina-L-glutamato, N-acetil-L-cisteína, N-acetil-L-metionina, hidroximetilbu- tirato, ácido lipoico, Monascus purpureus, carbón activo y lactulosa. El Comité Científico ha valorado cada propuesta, analizando las características y fuentes de cada sustancia, así como la nutrición, metabolismo y seguridad y ha concluido, en cada caso, si la presentada por la AECOSAN era aceptable desde el punto de vista de su seguridad en su uso como complemento alimenticio. En ningún caso, la evaluación realizada supone un aval de la eficacia biológica de las sustancias y dosis valoradas. El Comité Científico indica que, en todo caso es necesario que las personas que estén sometidas a tratamientos con medicamentos consulten con su médico la oportunidad o conveniencia de consumir complementos alimenticios dada la posibilidad de que existan interferencias en algunos casos.Food supplements are foods, the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which consist of concentrated nutrient sources (vitamins and minerals) or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, alone or in combination. The supplements are marketed in dosage form and are only supplied to the end consumer prepacked. In no event should they replace the use of medicines without suitable medical supervision. They should only be used to supplement the diet and, on the whole, their usage is not required if the individual has a varied and balanced diet, which cannot be replaced. In Spain, food supplements are regulated by Royal Decree 1487/2009, which transposed Directive 2002/46/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements into Spanish law. However, only the use of vitamins and minerals is currently regulated. Therefore the Scientific Committee has been asked to make an assessment of the proposal to authorise certain substances other than vitamins and minerals in the manufacture of food supplements. The substances proposed by the Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition (AECOSAN) are food supplements, L-aspartic acid, L-citrulline, glycine, L-proline, L-serine, L-arginine-L-aspar- tate, L-lysine L-aspartate, L-lysine-L-glutamate, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-methionine, hidro- xymethylbutyrate, lipoic acid, Monascus purpureus, activated carbon and lactulose. The Scientific Committee has assessed each proposal, analysing the characteristics and sources of each substance, and the nutrition, metabolism and safety and has concluded, in each case, whether that submitted by the AECOSAN is acceptable from a safety viewpoint for use as a food supplement. In no event is the assessment intended as a guarantee of the biological efficiency of the substances and doses assessed. The Scientific Committee states that, in any case individuals undergoing medical treatment must seek medical advice as to the suitability of taking food supplements, given the possibility of interactions in certain cases

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Toxicokinetics of lambda-cyhalothrin in rats

The toxicokinetics of lambda-cyhalothrin after single 20 mg kg(-1) oral and 3 mg kg(-1) intravenous doses were studied in rats. Serial blood samples were obtained after oral and intravenous administration. Liver, brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, vas deferens, anococcygeus and myenteric plexus tissue samples were also collected. Plasma, liver, hypothalamus, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, midbrain, spinal cord, vas deferens, anococcygeus, myenteric plexus and sciatic nerve concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin were determined by HPLC. The plasma and tissue concentration-time data for lambda-cyhalothrin were found to fit a two-compartment open model. For lambda-cyhalothrin, the elimination half-life (T1/2beta) and the mean residence time from plasma were 7.55 and 8.55 h after i.v. and 10.27 and 14.43 h after oral administration. The total plasma clearance was not influenced by dose concentration or route and reached a value of 0.060l h(-1)kg(-1). After i.v. administration, the apparent volume of distribution and at steady state were 0.68 and 0.53l kg(-1), suggesting a diffusion of the pyrethroid into tissue. After oral administration, lambda-cyhalothrin was extensively but slowly absorbed (Tmax, 2.69 h). The oral bioavailability was found to be 67.37%. Significant differences in the kinetic parameters between nervous tissues and plasma was observed. The maximum concentrations in hypothalamus (Cmax, 24.12 microg g(-1)) and myenteric plexus (Cmax, 25.12 microg g(-1)) were about 1.5 times higher than in plasma (Cmax, 15.65 microg ml(-1)) and 1.3 times higher than in liver (Cmax, 18.42 microg ml(-1)). Nervous tissue accumulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was also reflected by the area under the concentration curve ratios of tissue/plasma (liver). The T1/2beta for lambda-cyhalothrin was significantly greater for the nerve tissues, including neuromuscular fibres, (range 12-26 and 15-34 h, after i.v. and oral doses) than for plasma (7.55 and 10.27 h, respectively).Depto. de Farmacología y ToxicologíaFac. de VeterinariaTRUEpu

Fipronil induces CYP isoforms in rats

The goal of the present study was to evaluate fipronil effects on the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver microsomes. Rats were orally treated with fipronil at doses of 1, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg bw/day for 6 days. Determinations of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities were carried out in hepatic microsomes isolated from treated rats. The activities of some members of CYP2E, CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP3A subfamilies significantly increased after fipronil treatment in a dose-dependent manner as compared to control. The major effects were observed in the O-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin and O-demethylation of methoxyresorufin (reflecting CYP1A1/2 activities), in the O-depenthylation of pentoxyresorufin and 16β-hydroxylation of testosterone (reflecting CYP2B1/2 activities), and in the N-demethylation of erythromycin and 6β-hydroxylation of testosterone (reflecting CYP3A1/2 activities). Immunoblot studies revealed that fipronil increased the apoprotein levels of CYP1A1. Our results suggest that fipronil is an inducer of hepatic phase I CYP enzymes, causing an increased potential to interact with a wide range of xenobiotics or endogenous chemicals that are substrates of the CYP1A, CYP2B and CYP3A subfamilies. Further investigations are required to in vivo evaluate the potential of the metabolite fipronil sulfone as an inducer of phase I CYP enzymesUniversidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM-BSGH/GR3/14)Comunidad de Madrid (S2013/ABI-2728)Depto. de Farmacología y ToxicologíaFac. de VeterinariaTRUEpu

Plasma and Tissue Depletion of Florfenicol and Florfenicol-amine in Chickens

Chickens were used to investigate plasma disposition of florfenicol after single intravenous (i.v.) and oral dose (20 mg kg-1 body weight) and to study residue depletion of florfenicol and its major metabolite florfenicol-amine after multiple oral doses (40 mg kg-1 body weight, daily for 3 days). Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. After i.v. and oral administration, plasma concentration-time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model. The mean [ +/- standard deviation (SD)] elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of florfenicol in plasma was 7.90 +/- 0.48 and 8.34 +/- 0.64 h after i.v. and oral administration, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration was 10.23 +/- 1.67 microg mL-1, and the interval from oral administration until maximal concentration was 0.63 +/- 0.07 h. Oral bioavailability was found to be 87 +/- 16%. Florfenicol was converted to florfenicol-amine. After multiple oral dose (40 mg kg-1 body weight, daily for 3 days), in kidney and liver, concentrations of florfenicol (119.34 +/- 31.81 and 817.34 +/- 91.65 microg kg-1, respectively) and florfenicol-amine (60.67 +/- 13.05 and 48.50 +/- 13.07 microg kg-1, respectively) persisted for 7 days. The prolonged presence of residues of florfenicol and florfenicol-amine in edible tissues can play an important role in human food safety, because the compounds could give rise to a possible health risk. A withdrawal time of 6 days was necessary to ensure that the residues of florfenicol were less than the maximal residue limits or tolerance established by the European Union.Comunidad de MadridMinisterio de Educación y CienciaConsolider-Ingenio 2010Depto. de Farmacología y ToxicologíaFac. de VeterinariaTRUEpu