Unravelling the Gut Microbiota of Cow’s Milk–Allergic Infants, Their Mothers, and Their Grandmothers

The gut microbiome constitutes a highly complex ecosystem in which bacteria are the most prominent components. Around 70% of primary colonization of the gut microbiota is maternal in origin [1], and the first 1000 days of life are crucial for the development of the intestinal microbiota [2]. Despite its early formation, the gut microbiota is highly dynamic and dependent on host-associated confounding factors such as age, diet, antibiotics, lifestyle, and environmental conditions [3,4]. Alterations in gut microbiota have been described in people with different types of allergy, including cow’s milk allergy (CMA)This work was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI17/01087) and Fundación Sociedad Española de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica (FSEAIC_2016). It was cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund “Investing in your future” for the Thematic Network and Co-operative Research Centers ARADyAL RD16/0006/0015 and RD16/0006/0026. It was additionally supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation in Spain (PCI2018-092930), cofunded by the European program ERA HDHL - Nutrition & the Epigenome, project Dietary Intervention in Food Allergy: Microbiome, Epigenetic and Metabolomic interactions (DIFAMEM). DR and EZ-V acknowledge funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-095166-B-I00). CU acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy (SAF2017-90083-R). TCB-T thanks CEUInternational Doctoral School (CEINDO) for his fellowship