United States Nuclear Export Controls

This article will explore the U.S. nuclear export controls regime. It will initially discuss controls affecting the export of nuclear material, facilities, and specially designed components of nuclear facilities. This section will specifically consider export licensing procedures and requirements, agreements for nuclear cooperation, the specific export criteria for major nuclear cooperation, as well as the necessary policy determination. Then the Article will discuss the procedures and requirements for obtaining a license to export dual-use equipment, the authorization necessary for the export of nuclear technology and the subsequent arrangement process, which further aids in the implementation of U.S. non-proliferation policies

Effects of Environmental Temperature on Aerobic Training Adaptations

BACKGROUND: Previously we have demonstrated acute effects of endurance exercise in different environmental temperatures. However, training within these temperatures has not been examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of exercise training in different environmental temperatures on aerobic capacity, body composition, heart rate, sweat rate, core, and skin temperature. METHODS: Thirty-six recreationally trained males made 18 visits to the lab and performed a 3-week cycling training protocol in either a 7°C, 20°C, or 33°C environment. Aerobic capacity, body composition, heart rate, sweat rate, core, and skin temperature were measured before and after the acclimation period. During the 3-week acclimation training protocol heart rate, power output, temperature, and sweat rate were measured. RESULTS: In 33°C compared to 20°C subjects, VO2peak (p = 0.02) and power output (p \u3c 0.001) were greater for 20°C subjects following training, whereas core temperature (p = 0.036), skin temperature (p \u3c 0.001), sweat rate (p \u3c 0.001), and heart rate (p = 0.036) were higher in 33°C subjects. Body composition improved in both conditions (p \u3c 0.001). In 7°C compared to 20°C, VO2peak (p \u3c 0.001), body composition (p \u3c 0.001), core temperature (p \u3c 0.001), sweat rate (p = 0.05), and power (p \u3c 0.001) improved in both conditions following training. Skin temperature was lower in 7°C (p \u3c 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that physiological stress produced from exercising in 33°C environments inhibits performance measures. Whereas, 7°C environments allow for greater aerobic performance and training outcomes

Differences in Skeletal Muscle and Brain Tissue Oxygenation during Exercise in the Cold

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During exercise, the demand for oxygen in the skeletal muscle and brain tissue is increased causing a deficit known as deoxygenation. Deoxygenated tissues cause the body to make adaptations in energy production due to oxygen’s role in mitochondrial energy production during oxidative metabolism. Previously, we have demonstrated alterations in markers of mitochondrial development when the stimulus of temperature exposure has been combined with exercise. However, the effects of environmental temperature exposure on tissue deoxygenation of the skeletal muscle and brain remains unclear. PURPOSE: The proposed study will examine the effects of cold temperatures on skeletal muscle and brain tissue oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS measures muscle and brain tissue oxygenation by calculating the change of the scattering and absorption properties of a continuous infrared light wave. METHODS: Twelve recreationally trained males will perform two exercise trials cycling on a Velotron cycle ergometer (RacerMate Inc., Seattle Washington). Cycling intensity will be set at 60% of the peak power associated with VO2max for 1 hour in an environmental chamber (Darwin Chambers Company, St. Louis). Temperatures will be chosen in a randomized counterbalanced order and set at either -6 °C or 20 °C. Oxymon NIRS probes (Artinis, Netherlands) will be secured above the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh and the frontal lobe on the right side of the forehead. IMPLICATIONS: The proposed research seeks to examine the role of temperature during exercise in skeletal muscle and brain tissue oxygenation

An Evidence Based Recommendation for the Use of 5% Human Albumin vs. Normal Saline with Hypotension Secondary to Hypovolemia in Adult Post Operative Patients

Problem: 5% human albumin is used very frequently in the hospital setting with hypotensive post-surgical patients. There are associated risks with the use of human albumin and it has been shown that normal saline is at least as effective in treating extreme hypotension in this patient population. Significance: Associated risks that are present with the use of human albumin may be equal to those of the risks of whole blood transfusions. In addition weight gain and fluid retention are complications associated with the use of human albumin versus the use of normal saline. Furthermore, human albumin costs $40.59 more than normal saline solution. Methods: Literature review and the IOWA Model. Results: Patients who are not at risk for post-perfusion syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, on strict intake and output regulation, or increased vascular permeability and are experiencing hypotension secondary to hypovolemia post-operatively would benefit from normal saline as a first line therapy. Key words: hypotension, fluid resuscitation, fluid loss, hypovolemia, cost, safety, post-operative, colloid, crystalloid, human albumin, 5% albumin, normal saline, salin

SHEEP 2001, PART II: REFERENCE OF SHEEP HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES, 2001

Tabular reference: reproduction, lambing, health, and pasture management; parasites; feeding practicesLivestock Production/Industries,

Will treatment facilitate learning of a problem solving strategy by persons with Alzheimer’s disease?

Deficits in problem solving are a prominent feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present study aimed to determine whether or not persons with AD could learn to use a strategy for solving problems. Four individuals with AD were taught to use a reduction strategy to solve twenty questions problems (20Q). Although results of this study indicate that individuals did not learn to use the stressed strategy, participants did improve their ability to solve problems using strategies already familiar to them. This suggests that treatment should focus on skills the person with AD is already using rather than teaching new strategies

Communicating climate futures: a multi-country study of how the media portray the IPCC scenarios in the 2021/2 Working Group reports

The way governments and policy makers think about climate futures has a wide-ranging impact on how they formulate policy and plan for climate change impacts. In the lead-up to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), the IPCC adopted a new scenarios framework that aimed to provide a fuller picture of the interacting elements and policy choices that affect climate change. However, these scenarios, known as Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), are complex and difficult to communicate. Most audiences, including policy makers, receive much of their information about climate change from mainstream media, and particularly online news sites. We therefore examined the five most popular online news sites in the UK and the USA, five popular English-language news sites in India, English-language news media from a wide range of African countries, and the Reuters News agency. Based on manual content analysis to assess 252 articles, we identify several important findings, amongst them: in all countries, the media provide little detailed explanation of how scenarios are developed, very little mention of SSPs, and virtually no detailed explanations of them; generally, journalists use the words ‘projections’, ‘futures’, and ‘pathways’ when talking about the IPCC scenarios, although some usage of ‘predictions’ or ‘forecasts’ is apparent; contrary to previous research, there were very few doomsday narratives such as ‘only 12 years to act’. We conclude by drawing out some implications for more effective communication of the IPCC scenarios

Experiences with the Streptococcus mutans in Lakota Sioux (SMILeS) Study: Risk Factors for Caries in American Indian Children 0-3 Years

Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) is a terribly aggressive and devastating disease that is all too common in lower socio-economic children, but none more so that what is encountered in American Indian Tribes. Nationwide, approximately 27% of 2-5 year olds have decay while 62% percent of American Indian/Alaska Native children in the same age group have a history of decay (IHS 2010, NHANES 1999-2002). We have conducted a study of children from birth to 36 months of age on Pine Reservation to gain a better understanding of the variables that come into play in the development of this disease, from transmission and acquisition of Streptococcus mutans genotypes from mother to child to multiple dietary and behavioral components. This article describes how we established a direct partnership with the Tribe and the many opportunities and challenges we faced in performing this 5-year field study