Proteomic Analysis of Chinook Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) Ovarian Fluid

<div><p>The ovarian, or coelomic, fluid that is released with the egg mass of many fishes is increasingly found to play an important role in several biological processes crucial for reproductive success. These include maintenance of oocyte fertility and developmental competence, prolonging of sperm motility, and enhancing sperm swimming speed. Here we examined if and how the proteome of chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) ovarian fluid varied among females and then sought to examine the composition of this fluid. Ovarian fluid in chinook salmon was analyzed using 1D SDS PAGE and LC-MS/MS tryptic digest screened against Mascot and Sequest databases. We found marked differences in the number and concentrations of proteins in salmon ovarian fluid across different females. A total of 174 proteins were identified in ovarian fluid, 47 of which were represented by six or more peptides, belonging to one of six Gene Ontology pathways. The <i>response to chemical stimulus</i> and <i>response to hypoxia</i> pathways were best represented, accounting for 26 of the 174 proteins. The current data set provides a resource that furthers our understanding of those factors that influence successful egg production and fertilisation in salmonids and other species.</p></div

One-dimensional SDS-PAGE profiles of chinook salmon ovarian fluid.

<p>A) Comparison of profiles for a representative subset (n = 11) of the 25 ovarian fluids sampled. Lane 1 contains the standard (260 - 3.5 kDa; Invitrogen). Lanes 2–12 contain ovarian fluid samples. Stained with Simply Blue (Invitrogen). 1D-SDS PAGE run conditions were 160 V, 140 mA, 35 min. <b>B</b>) Pooled sample of ovarian fluid from 20 females, detailing fractions and bands that were excised for LC-MS/MS. Stained with conventional Coomassie. 1D-SDS PAGE run conditions were 160 V, 140 mA, 35 min.</p

Voicesumers

This chapter defines the proposed new form of consumer conceptualized as “voicesumer.” The chapter classifies and defines various types of voicesumers, we are witnessing in today’s dynamically chancing digital and social environments. The chapter introduces three new types of consumer voices: Boisterous, Vociferous, and finally Obstreperous voices with anecdotes and cases. The chapter provides a comparative analysis of newly proposed consumer voices in order to distinguish such voices’ potentials to effect on consumer perception of entertainment, attention, credibility, and hate seeding components. Finally, the chapter discusses on how such voices operate within today’s markets by analyzing the audience, message, and channel of message usage