Estudio de la Asociacion Entre el Riesgo Sistematico y Determinadas Variables Financieras Aplicadas a la Industria Manufacturera.

El riesgo sistemático es un riesgo propio del mercado y sobre el cual se han realizado muchos estudios, cuya importancia deriva en los aportes para analizar el comportamiento de los mercados; por lo que en este trabajo se ha utilizado la información del mercado manufacturero ecuatoriano para asociarlo con el riesgo sistemático. Se deben impulsar investigaciones que brinden información acerca del riesgo sistemático a nivel no solo de industrias sino de países y de la región latinoamericana para la toma de decisiones. En el capítulo uno se hace referencia a los conceptos principales sobre el riesgo sistemático y a los estudios preliminares, en el capítulo dos se realiza una breve descripción de la industria manufacturera en el ecuador para conocer la evolución de este sector económico; luego en el capítulo tres se definen las variables financieras que servirán para el análisis de correlación con el riesgo sistemático.GuayaquilMagister en Finanza

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field