Autonomy and forage grasses in goat farming of western France First results of a sociological survey

International audienceOur communication is based on the results of a multidisciplinary research (PSDR FLECHE-Fromages et Laits issus d'Élevages de Chèvres conduites avec de l'Herbe-2016-2020) which aims to study the potential of grass valorization in goat systems, with the dual objective of strengthening the economic resilience of farms and the social image of the dairy goat sector of Western France. The latter currently represent almost half of the national goat population and 58% of the milk supplied in France. The sociological aspect of the research concerns the representations, value systems, interests and constraint systems (technical, economic, etc.) that guide the practices of all the actors in the sector: farmers, upstream and downstream actors. The objective of this approach is to analyse, at all levels of the value chain, the incentives and obstacles to a possible transition to more grassy feeding systems. Based on 76 semi-directive interviews, this paper presents the first results of this survey by showing how contextual elements (socio-economic, professional, etc.) impact farmers' choices of practices. While, in principle, the whole goat sector seems to be converging towards an agro-ecological transition that ensures its sustainability, in practice, each of its actors is confronted with a system of constraints that limit actual developments. The articulation of these obstacles seems to lead to a kind of inertia, which prevents the adoption of practices that are nevertheless perceived as recommendable by most actors. Autonomie et fourrages herbagers dans les élevages caprins de l'Ouest de la France. Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociologique. Résumé. Notre communication s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une recherche pluridisciplinaire (Programme PSDR-FLECHE-Fromages et Laits issus d'Élevages de Chèvres conduites avec de l'Herbe-2016-2020) qui vise à étudier le potentiel de valorisation de l'herbe dans les systèmes caprins, dans le double objectif de renforcer la résilience économique des exploitations et l'image sociale des filières caprines laitières de l'Ouest de la France. Ces dernières représentent actuellement près de la moitié de l'effectif national de chèvres et 58% du lait livré en France. Le volet sociologique de la recherche porte sur les représentations, les systèmes de valeurs, les intérêts et les systèmes de contraintes (techniques, économiques, etc.) qui orientent les pratiques de l'ensemble des acteurs de la filière : éleveurs, acteurs de l'amont et de l'aval. L'objectif de cette démarche est d'analyser, à tous les niveaux de la filière, les incitations et les freins à une éventuelle transition vers des systèmes alimentaires plus herbagers. A partir de 76 entretiens semi-directifs, ce papier présente les premiers résultats de cette enquête en montrant, notamment, comment les éléments contextuels (socio-économiques, professionnels, etc.) impactent les choix des pratiques des exploitants agricoles. Si, en principe, l'ensemble de la filière caprine semble converger vers une transition agroécologique qui en assure la durabilité, dans la pratique, chacun de ses acteurs est confronté à un univers de contraintes qui limitent les évolutions effectives. L'articulation des freins relevant des différents maillons de la filière, semble ainsi déboucher sur une sorte d'inertie, qui empêche l'adoption de pratiques pourtant perçues comme souhaitables par la plupart des acteurs. Mots-clés. Autonomie-fourrages herbagers-caprins-sociologie

Edging toward ‘reasonably’ good corporate governance

Over four decades, research and policy have created layers of understandings in the quest for “good” corporate governance. The corporate excesses of the 1970s sparked a search for market mechanisms and disclosure to empower shareholders. The UK-focused problems of the 1990s prompted board-centric, structural approaches, while the fall of Enron and many other companies in the early 2000s heightened emphasis on director independence and professionalism. With the financial crisis of 2007-09, however, came a turn in some policy approaches and in academic literature seeking a different way forward. This paper explores those four phases and the discourse each develops and then links each to assumptions about accountability and cognition. After the financial crisis came pointers n policy and practice away from narrow, rationalist prescriptions and toward what the philosopher Stephen Toulmin calls “reasonableness”. Acknowledging that heightens awareness of complexity and interdependence in corporate governance practice. The paper then articulates a research agenda concerning what “reasonable” corporate governance might entail

Cardiovascular, endocrine and behavioural responses to suckling and permanent separation in goats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Suckling can be a peaceful or vulnerable event for goats and kids, whereas, separation is suggested as stressful. The aim of this study was to investigate physiology and behaviour in these two different situations in dairy goats.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Four studies were performed with seven goats kept with their first-born kid in individual boxes. The goats were videotaped and heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded every minute by telemetry from parturition until 24 hours after separation. One to two days after parturition, Study 1 was performed with analyses of heart rate and blood pressure around a suckling. In Study 2, performed 3-5 days after parturition, blood sampling was done before, during and after suckling. Study 3 was performed 4-6 days post partum, with blood sampling before and after a permanent goat and kid separation. In addition, vocalisations were recorded after separation. Blood samples were obtained from a jugular vein catheter and analysed for plasma cortisol, β-endorphin, oxytocin, and vasopressin concentrations. Study 4 was performed during the first (N1) and second nights (N2) after parturition and the nights after Study 2 (N3) and 3 (N4). Heart rate, blood pressure and time spent lying down were recorded.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The kids suckled 2 ± 0.2 times per hour and each suckling bout lasted 43 ± 15 s. In Study 1, heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly during undisturbed suckling. In Study 2, plasma cortisol (P ≤ 0.05 during suckling and P ≤ 0.01 five minutes after suckling) and β-endorphin (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations increased during suckling, but oxytocin and vasopressin concentrations did not change. In Study 3, the goats and kids vocalised intensively during the first 20 minutes after separation, but the physiological variables were not affected. In Study 4, heart rate and arterial blood pressure declined gradually after parturition and were lowest during N4 (P ≤ 0.05) when the goats spent longer time lying down than during earlier nights (P ≤ 0.01 during N1 and N3 and P ≤ 0.05 during N2).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Suckling elevated plasma cortisol and β-endorphin concentrations in the goats. The intensive vocalisation in the goats after separation, earlier suggested to indicate stress, was not accompanied by cardiovascular or endocrine responses.</p

Reversed-phase HPLC following thiolysis for quantitative estimation and characterization of the four main classes of phenolic compounds in different tissue zone of a French cider apple variety (Malus domestica var. Kermerrien)

3 tables 4 graph.International audienc

Perception du pâturage par les acteurs de la filière caprine dans le Grand Ouest

International audienceBecause of their constant demand for milk, dairy goat subindustries in western France are highly dynamic. Goat systems are rarely feed selfsufficient, so they are greatly affected by any increase in feed prices. In western France, 90% of goats do not graze. This study examined how industry farmers and stakeholders view the role of pastures in goat systems. The surveys revealed that grazing was seen as having benefits (e.g., allowing feed self-sufficiency and meeting societal expectations) as well as disadvantages (especially exposure to parasites). Another challenge is that stakeholders have different ideas about the form that dairy goat farming should take. Some dairies seek to establish certified organic farms based on larger herds. In contrast, those taking over established operations want to put into place small systems that produce farmstead cheese.Les filières caprines du Grand Ouest sont des filières dynamiques, en demande constante de lait, conventionnel comme biologique. Avec un taux faible d’autonomie alimentaire, les systèmes caprins sont sensibles à une augmentation du coût alimentaire et de la volatilité des prix des matières premières. Le pâturage est un levier potentiel pour améliorer l’autonomie alimentaire à l’échelle des exploitations. Comme 90% des chèvres ne pâturent pas, l’objectif de cette étude est de recueillir la perception des éleveurs et des acteurs de la filière vis-à-vis de la place du pâturage au sein des systèmes caprins. En octobre 2016 et 2017, une enquête semi-quantitative a été réalisée par des étudiants d’Agrocampus Ouest, auprès de l’ensemble des acteurs des filières des régions Poitou-Charentes, Pays de la Loire et Bretagne. Tous les enquêtés s’accordent sur les effets positifs du pâturage sur l’autonomie alimentaire et sur son adéquation avec les attentes sociétales. Mais ils sont aussi en accord sur ses effets négatifs sur la santé des chèvres, dus au parasitisme, qui se révèle comme étant le point technique critique principal, pour les éleveurs comme pour leur encadrement technique. Un autre frein identifié est le décalage entre acteurs concernant l’installation. Certaines laiteries ont une volonté d’installer des cheptels assez importants sous label agrobiologique alors que les reprenants aspirent majoritairement à des systèmes de plus petite taille en système fromager fermier

How stakeholders in the goat industry in western France view grazing

International audienceBecause of their constant demand for milk, dairy goat subindustries in western France are highly dynamic. Goat systems are rarely feed self-sufficient, so they are greatly affected by any increase in feed prices. In western France, 90% of goats do not graze. This study examined how industry farmers and stakeholders view the role of pastures in goat systems. The surveys revealed that grazing was seen as having benefits (e.g., allowing feed self-sufficiency and meeting societal expectations) as well as disadvantages (especially exposure to parasites). Another challenge is that stakeholders have different ideas about the form that dairy goat farming should take. Some dairies seek to establish certified organic farms based on larger herds. In contrast, those taking over established operations want to put into place small systems that produce farmstead cheese