Primer and probe sequences for the multiplex genotyping assay.

<p>Primer and probe sequences for the multiplex genotyping assay.</p

β-defensin 2 production is associated with a DEFB1 genotype.

<p>Concentration of the antimicrobial protein β-defensin 2 grouped per DEFB1 rs1800972 genotype, the groups are significantly different (p = 0.0002). Protein concentrations were corrected for urine gravity, for samples below the detection limit the corrected cytokine concentration was set to 0.1. Solid bars represent medians, for statistical analysis the Kruskal-Wallis test was used.</p

Genotypes of genetic variations in controls and UTI patients.

<p>* name used in the literature</p><p>Genotypes of genetic variations in controls and UTI patients.</p

Antimicrobial protein concentrations do not distinguish UTI patients with bacteremia from those without bacteremia.

<p>Concentrations of the antimicrobial proteins β-defensin 2 (<b>A</b>) Cathelicidin LL37 (<b>B</b>) and Uromodulin (<b>C</b>) were determined in the urine of 46 controls (CON), 44 febrile UTI cases without bacteremia (UTI–B), and 45 febrile UTI cases with bacteremia (UTI+B). Protein concentrations depicted were corrected for urine gravity, for samples below the detection limit the corrected protein concentration was set to 0.1 (β-defensin 2, Cathelicidin LL37) or 10 (Uromodulin). Solid bars represent medians, for statistical analysis the Mann-Whitney U test was used.</p

Plasma vitamin D concentrations in controls and UTI patients.

<p>Plasma 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations were determined in 46 controls (CON) and 43 UTI patients without bacteremia (UTI-B) and 44 UTI patients with bacteremia (UTI+B) (<b>A</b>). Analysis of plasma 25(OH)D vitamin D concentrations according to season of sampling (<b>B</b>). All controls were recruited in winter. 12 UTI patients were recruited in winter, 16 in spring, 27 in summer and 32 in autumn. Solid bars represent median concentrations; dotted lines represent upper limit of vitamin D deficiency (≤20 ng/ml) and lower limit of vitamin D sufficiency (≥30 ng/ml). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine whether groups were statistically different.</p

IL-6 or IL-8 concentrations do not distinguish UTI patients with bacteremia from those without bacteremia.

<p>IL-6 (<b>A</b>) and IL-8 (<b>B</b>) concentrations were determined in the urine of 46 controls (CON), 44 cases with febrile UTI without bacteremia (UTI–B), and 45 cases with febrile UTI with bacteremia (UTI+B). Cytokine concentrations depicted were corrected for urine gravity, for samples below the detection limit the corrected cytokine concentration was set to 0.1. Solid bars represent medians, for statistical analysis a Mann-Whitney test was used.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

<p>Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated. UTI = urinary tract infection, IQR = interquartile range, sd = standard deviation, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI = body mass index. ^a Defined as any functional or anatomical abnormality of the urinary tract except urinary catheter and history of nephrolithiasis. ^b Defined as ≥2 UTIs in the last 6 months or ≥3 UTIs in the last 12 months. ^c Eight missing BMI data: 2 in controls, 1 in UTI without bacteremia and 5 in UTI with bacteremia.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of the study population.</p

Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and vitamin D status.

<p>UTI = urinary tract infection, IQR = interquartile range. Vitamin D sufficiency is defined as 25(OH)D of ≥30 ng/ml, vitamin D insufficiency is defined as 25(OH)D >20 and <30 ng/ml, vitamin D deficiency is defined as 25(OH)D of ≤ 20 ng/ml.</p><p>Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and vitamin D status.</p