Pedigree of a family with a high familial loading of mast cell activation disease.

<p>Filled symbols indicate family members with either <i>systemic mastocytosis</i> (<i>SM</i>), according to WHO criteria, or <i>mast cell activation syndrome</i> (<i>MCAS</i>); open symbols denote clinically healthy family members. Squares, males; circles, females; symbols with a diagonal line through, deceased. <i>Mild</i>, <i>moderate</i> and <i>severe</i> indicate the clinical intensity of the mast cell activation disease. The arrow indicates the index patient. Bold type: genetic alterations detected in the tyrosine kinase, <i>KIT</i>. GNNK(–/+): ratio of the GNNK(–) over the GNNK(+) isoform (i.e., the amount of PCR amplification product without and with the tetrapeptide sequence glycine-asparagine-asparagine-lysine [GNNK]).</p

Familial Occurrence of Systemic Mast Cell Activation Disease

<div><p>Systemic <i>mast cell activation disease</i> (MCAD) comprises disorders characterized by an enhanced release of mast cell mediators accompanied by accumulation of dysfunctional mast cells. Demonstration of familial clustering would be an important step towards defining the genetic contribution to the risk of systemic MCAD. The present study aimed to quantify familial aggregation for MCAD and to investigate the variability of clinical and molecular findings (e.g. somatic mutations in KIT) among affected family members in three selected pedigrees. Our data suggest that systemic MCAD pedigrees include more systemic MCAD cases than would be expected by chance, i.e., compared with the prevalence of MCAD in the general population. The prevalence of MCAD suspected by symptom self-report in first-degree relatives of patients with MCAD amounted to approximately 46%, compared to prevalence in the general German population of about 17% (p<0.0001). In three families with a high familial loading of MCAD, the subtype of MCAD and the severity of mediator-related symptoms varied between family members. In addition, genetic alterations detected in <i>KIT</i> were variable, and included mutations at position 816 of the amino acid sequence. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for common familial occurrence of MCAD. Our findings observed in the three pedigrees together with recent reports in the literature suggest that, in familial cases (i.e., in the majority of MCAD), mutated disease-related operator and/or regulator genes could be responsible for the development of somatic mutations in KIT and other proteins important for the regulation of mast cell activity. Accordingly, the immunohistochemically different subtypes of MCAD (i.e. mast cell activation syndrome and systemic mastocytosis) should be more accurately regarded as varying presentations of a common generic root process of mast cell dysfunction, than as distinct diseases.</p></div

Characteristics of index patients, their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls.

<p>Characteristics of index patients, their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls.</p

Odds ratios for the symptoms and findings collected in the questionnaire (independent variables) occurring in first-degree relatives, compared with the healthy control group.

<p>Odds ratios for the symptoms and findings collected in the questionnaire (independent variables) occurring in first-degree relatives, compared with the healthy control group.</p

Average proportions of significant SNPs in the simulation study.

<p>The values in the table represent the proportions of SNPs (averaged over 10 replications) found to be significant. The significance level was set to 0.0001. The results are present for 4 scenarios, which are described in the section: "Evaluation via simulated association studies ".</p><p>* For these methods in the scenario with 3 underlying discrete subpopulations we took 2 principal components and 2 ancestry estimates, as recommended by the authors.</p><p>Average proportions of significant SNPs in the simulation study.</p

5 European subpopulations.

<p>The polygons around the nodes represent the detected communities. The node colors represent the actual labels.</p

Description of datasets, used in the analysis.

<p>Description of datasets, used in the analysis.</p

3 American subpopulations.

<p>The polygons around the nodes represent the detected communities. The node colors represent the actual labels.</p

3 African subpopulations.

<p>The polygons around the nodes represent the detected communities. The node colors represent the actual labels.</p

Contingency table for American subpopulations, rows correspond to detected communities, columns to actual subpopulations.

<p>PUR—Puerto Rican, CLM—Colombian, MXL–Mexican</p><p>Contingency table for American subpopulations, rows correspond to detected communities, columns to actual subpopulations.</p