PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OVERUSE INJURIES OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE BY ORTHOPAEDIC INSOLES

Sindromi prenaprezanja sustava za kretanje na donjim ekstremitetima,a osobito na stopalu su česta pojava u sportaša i predstavljaju dijagnostički i terapijski problem. Medu vanjskim čimbenicima uzroka nastanka sindroma prenaprezanja svakako su najznačajniji poremećaji biomehanike donjeg ekstremiteta i to opet prvenstveno poremećaj biomehanike samog stopala i njegove staticke i dinamicke funkcije. U korekciji poremećene biomehanike stopala najznačajnija je primjena odgovarajucih ortopedskih uložaka. Nakon provedene pedobarografske analize na elektronskoj platformi i to u stajanju i hodu pristupa se kompjuterskom dizajniranju individualnog ortopedskog uloška koji se potom izrađuje robotskom tehnikom od materijala različite tvrdoće. Ortopedskim uloškom korigiraju se sve registrirane deformacije u stražnjem,srednjem i/ili prednjem dijelu stopala, a ovisno o pojedinom sindromu prenaprezanja dodaju se i odredena povišenja, udubljenja odnosno rasterećenja stopala. Opisana je primjena ortopedskih uložaka u prevenciji i lijecenju sindroma prenaprezanja na stopalu, i to: plantarni fascitis, tendinitis dugog fleksora palca, tendinitis i entezitis prednjeg tibijalnog mišića, entezitis tetive kratkog peronealnog mišica, metatarzalgija, prednji sindrom sraza gornjeg nožnog zgloba,sindrom prenaprezanja Ahilove tetive, prijelom zamora metatarzalnih kostiju, prijelom zamora kosti tarzusa i sesamoiditis. Posebno se ukazuje na značaj primjene ortopedskih uložaka i u lijecenju ostalih sindroma prenaprezanja na donjem ekstremitetu kao što je patelarni tendinitis/tendinosis, sindrom trenja iliotibijalnog traktusa, itd. Zahvaljujući novoj tehnologiji u dijagnosticiranju statičkih i dinamičkih poremećaja stopala i novoj tehnologiji u izradi ortopedskih uložaka od različitih materijala moguće je danas prevenirati i liječiti mnogobrojne sindrome prenaprezanja u području stopala i cijelog donjeg ekstremiteta.Overuse injuries of locomotor system on lower limbs, especially those that are foot related, are common in athletes and are both diagnostic and therapeutic problem. The most important external factors causing the overuse injuries are biomechanic disorders of the lower limb, particularly foot related biomechanical disorders that have an impact on its static and dynamic function. The most important aspect of correcting the biomechanical disorders of the foot is application of orthopaedic insoles. Pedobarographic analysis made on electronic platform while standing and walking is followed by the computer assisted designing of individual orthopaedic insole made by robot machine using materials of different hardness. Orthopaedic insole corrects all the registered deformations in hindfoot, forefoot or/and midfoot and, depending upon particular overuse injury, heel elevations, cavities, or other types of unburdening are made. The application of orthopaedic insoles in plantar fasciitis, tendinitis of the flexor hallucis longus, tendinitis and synovitis of the tibialis anterior, enthesitis of the tibialis anterior, enthesitis of the peroneus brevis, metatarsalgia, anterior impigement syndrome of the ankle, overuse injury of the Achilles tendon, stress fracture of the metatarsal bones, stress fracture of the tarsal bones and sesamoiditis, is described. The significance of application of orthopaedic insoles in treatment of other overuse lower limb syndromes, such as patellar tendinitis/tendinosis and iliotibial band friction syndrome, is indicated. Thanks to the new technology in diagnostics of static and dynamic disorders of the foot and new technology in producing orthopaedic insoles using different materials, it is nowdays possible to prevent and adequately treat many overuse foot related and lower limb related injuries

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OVERUSE INJURIES OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE BY ORTHOPAEDIC INSOLES

Sindromi prenaprezanja sustava za kretanje na donjim ekstremitetima,a osobito na stopalu su česta pojava u sportaša i predstavljaju dijagnostički i terapijski problem. Medu vanjskim čimbenicima uzroka nastanka sindroma prenaprezanja svakako su najznačajniji poremećaji biomehanike donjeg ekstremiteta i to opet prvenstveno poremećaj biomehanike samog stopala i njegove staticke i dinamicke funkcije. U korekciji poremećene biomehanike stopala najznačajnija je primjena odgovarajucih ortopedskih uložaka. Nakon provedene pedobarografske analize na elektronskoj platformi i to u stajanju i hodu pristupa se kompjuterskom dizajniranju individualnog ortopedskog uloška koji se potom izrađuje robotskom tehnikom od materijala različite tvrdoće. Ortopedskim uloškom korigiraju se sve registrirane deformacije u stražnjem,srednjem i/ili prednjem dijelu stopala, a ovisno o pojedinom sindromu prenaprezanja dodaju se i odredena povišenja, udubljenja odnosno rasterećenja stopala. Opisana je primjena ortopedskih uložaka u prevenciji i lijecenju sindroma prenaprezanja na stopalu, i to: plantarni fascitis, tendinitis dugog fleksora palca, tendinitis i entezitis prednjeg tibijalnog mišića, entezitis tetive kratkog peronealnog mišica, metatarzalgija, prednji sindrom sraza gornjeg nožnog zgloba,sindrom prenaprezanja Ahilove tetive, prijelom zamora metatarzalnih kostiju, prijelom zamora kosti tarzusa i sesamoiditis. Posebno se ukazuje na značaj primjene ortopedskih uložaka i u lijecenju ostalih sindroma prenaprezanja na donjem ekstremitetu kao što je patelarni tendinitis/tendinosis, sindrom trenja iliotibijalnog traktusa, itd. Zahvaljujući novoj tehnologiji u dijagnosticiranju statičkih i dinamičkih poremećaja stopala i novoj tehnologiji u izradi ortopedskih uložaka od različitih materijala moguće je danas prevenirati i liječiti mnogobrojne sindrome prenaprezanja u području stopala i cijelog donjeg ekstremiteta.Overuse injuries of locomotor system on lower limbs, especially those that are foot related, are common in athletes and are both diagnostic and therapeutic problem. The most important external factors causing the overuse injuries are biomechanic disorders of the lower limb, particularly foot related biomechanical disorders that have an impact on its static and dynamic function. The most important aspect of correcting the biomechanical disorders of the foot is application of orthopaedic insoles. Pedobarographic analysis made on electronic platform while standing and walking is followed by the computer assisted designing of individual orthopaedic insole made by robot machine using materials of different hardness. Orthopaedic insole corrects all the registered deformations in hindfoot, forefoot or/and midfoot and, depending upon particular overuse injury, heel elevations, cavities, or other types of unburdening are made. The application of orthopaedic insoles in plantar fasciitis, tendinitis of the flexor hallucis longus, tendinitis and synovitis of the tibialis anterior, enthesitis of the tibialis anterior, enthesitis of the peroneus brevis, metatarsalgia, anterior impigement syndrome of the ankle, overuse injury of the Achilles tendon, stress fracture of the metatarsal bones, stress fracture of the tarsal bones and sesamoiditis, is described. The significance of application of orthopaedic insoles in treatment of other overuse lower limb syndromes, such as patellar tendinitis/tendinosis and iliotibial band friction syndrome, is indicated. Thanks to the new technology in diagnostics of static and dynamic disorders of the foot and new technology in producing orthopaedic insoles using different materials, it is nowdays possible to prevent and adequately treat many overuse foot related and lower limb related injuries

Preprotein recognition by the Toc complex

The Toc core complex consists of the pore-forming Toc75 and the GTPases Toc159 and Toc34. We confirm that the receptor form of Toc159 is integrated into the membrane. The association of Toc34 to Toc75/Toc159 is GTP dependent and enhanced by preprotein interaction. The N-terminal half of the pSSU transit peptide interacts with high affinity with Toc159, whereas the C-terminal part stimulates its GTP hydrolysis. The phosphorylated C-terminal peptide of pSSU interacts strongly with Toc34 and therefore inhibits binding and translocation of pSSU into Toc proteoliposomes. In contrast, Toc159 recognises only the dephosphorylated forms. The N-terminal part of the pSSU presequence does not influence binding to the Toc complex, but is able to block import into proteoliposomes through its interaction with Toc159. We developed a model of differential presequence recognition by Toc34 and Toc159

Rhodium(III) in a cage of the 1,3-propanediamine-N,N,N′-triacetate chelate: X-ray structure, solution equilibria, computational study and biological behavior

Two new octahedral Rh(III) complexes that are potential chemotherapeutic agents have been synthesized from the 1,3-propanediamine-N,N,N’-triacetate ligand (1,3-pd3a): [Rh(1,3-pd3a)(H2O)]·2H2O (1) and Na[Rh(1,3-pd3a)Cl]·2H2O (2). Both complexes were characterized by IR, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis. Only the structure of 2 was determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The asymmetric unit contains the negatively charged rhodium complex, a sodium ion and two water molecules. The positions of the carboxylate groups define the cis-polar geometry. DFT calculations on 1 and 2 have also been done to confirm experimental results. In order to determine the protonation constants of 1,3-H3pd3a, stability constants and the stoichiometry of the complexes in aqueous solution, pH-potentiometry and UV–Vis spectrophotometry were used. Docking of 1 to human serum albumin (HSA) gives the reasonable assumption that this complex can be easily transported to the target cells. The complexes, as well as the 1,3-pd3a and ed3a ligands, were tested against various cancer and one normal human cell lines. Complex 2 and both ligands display significant cytotoxicity against the HeLa cancer cell line, while 1 shows good antitumor activity against MCF-7. Flow cytometry analysis showed the apoptotic death of the cells with cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase (Na[Rh(1,3-pd3a)Cl]·2H2O) and G0/G1 phase (1,3-pd3a)