Comparison of NCAA division I, II, & III athletic training positions regarding duties and compensation

The sports arena is one of the fastest growing sectors of American society from little league and junior soccer to college and professional football (Staurowsky & Scriber, 1998). This in part is due to the increase in women’s sports leagues as well as increased opportunities for women in college athletics because of Title EX (Amheim & Prentice, 2000). As sports participation has increased, so has the profession of athletic training. The number of certified athletic trainers entering the job market is now larger than ever and is continuing to grow (Amheim & Prentice, 2000). The athletic trainer is a highly trained healthcare professional who is responsible for all phases of healthcare in an athletic environment. These responsibilities include prevention, first aid, evaluation and management of injuries, rehabilitation, education and counseling (Anderson & Hall, 1995)

The Bengal army and the outbreak of the Indian mutiny

This thesis is a study of the Bengal Army from c. 1800 to c. 1870. Its central aim is to explain why the majority of the Bengal Army's native troops mutinied in 1857. It begins by comparing the pre-mutiny trends in the Bengal Army to those in its sister armies of Madras and Bombay: in particular the Bengal Army's changing pattern of recruitment, its growing list of professional grievances, the deteriorating relationship between its sepoys and their European officers, its relaxation of discipline and its sepoys' use of caste issues as a smokescreen for other grievances. Then it analyzes the events of 1857: the cartridge question, the conspiracy and the pattern of the mutiny itself. Finally it outlines the deliberations of the post-mutiny Peel Commission and the subsequent army reforms, and puts the Indian Mutiny in the context of the recent historiography of military revolts. Its conclusion is that the essential cause of mutiny in 1857 was not the defence of caste and religion, as is generally supposed, but service issues particular to the Bengal Army

Using the Stallings Observation System to Investigate Time on Task in Four Countries

This paper presents the history of the Stallings Observation System (SOS) and describes the adaptation of the SOS instrument, training for its use in international settings, and results from four countries of the World Bank International Time on Task (ITOT) project. The ITOT project had three major goals: 1) to discover how instructional time is used at different levels in certain countries, particularly in rural and low income areas; 2) to identify obstacles to optimal use of instructional time; and 3) to encourage governments to take the necessary measures to provide students with optimal time for learning . In order to address ITOT at the classroom level, a pilot study in Tunisia was conducted that targeted four related objectives: 1)adaptation of the Stallings snapshot observation instrument for use in project classrooms; 2) design and implementation of training for observers; 3) determination of reliability and validity of observation procedures; and 4) generation of a sample profile of classrooms in a Tunisian elementary school. This paper summarizes the training and findings from the initial pilot study of time usage at the classroom level conducted in Tunisia in January, 2004 and the training and results from subsequent ITOT studies in four countries: Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, and Brazil. More specifically, sections of the paper provide an overview of the research on effective use of instructional time using the Stallings instrument, description of the adaptation of the Stallings Snapshot observation instrument for use in the project, a summary of the training and procedures developed for the pilot study and implemented in four countries, and the results and conclusions from the observational studies in four countries

Opiate users' knowledge about overdose prevention and naloxone in New York City: a focus group study

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced and drug-related deaths have been increasing for the past decade throughout the US. In NYC, drug overdose accounts for nearly 900 deaths per year, a figure that exceeds the number of deaths each year from homicide. Naloxone, a highly effective opiate antagonist, has for decades been used by doctors and paramedics during emergency resuscitation after an opiate overdose. Following the lead of programs in Europe and the US who have successfully distributed take-home naloxone, the Overdose Prevention and Reversal Program at the Lower East Side Harm Reduction Center (LESHRC) has started providing a similar resource for opiate users in NYC. Participants in the program receive a prescription for two doses of naloxone, with refills as needed, and comprehensive training to reduce overdose risk, administer naloxone, perform rescue breathing, and call 911. As of September 2005, 204 participants have received naloxone and been trained, and 40 have revived an overdosing friend or family member. While naloxone accessibility stands as a proven life-saving measure, some opiates users at LESHRC have expressed only minimal interest in naloxone use, due to past experiences and common misconceptions. METHODS: In order to improve the naloxone distribution program two focus groups were conducted in December 2004 with 13 opiate users at LESHRC to examine knowledge about overdose and overdose prevention. The focus groups assessed participants' (i) experiences with overdose response, specifically naloxone (ii) understanding and perceptions of naloxone, (iii) comfort level with naloxone administration and (iv) feedback about increasing the visibility and desirability of the naloxone distribution program. RESULTS: Analyses suggest that there is both support for and resistance to take-home naloxone, marked by enthusiasm for its potential role in reviving an overdosing individual, numerous misconceptions and negative views of its impact and use. CONCLUSION: Focus group results will be used to increase participation in the program and reshape perceptions about naloxone among opiate users, also targeting those already prescribed naloxone to increase their comfort using it. Since NYC is advancing toward a citywide naloxone distribution program, the LESHRC program will play an important role in establishing protocol for effective and wide-reaching naloxone availability

An Examination of the Relationship Between Special Operating Agencies and Ministerial Responsibility in the Government of Manitoba

The agency model is a form of government organization that is quickly gaining credibility throughout bureaucratic circles. The Government of Manitoba has subsequently embarked on its own agency model program; it has created 16 Special Operating Agencies (SOAs) and has granted these agencies certain managerial freedoms that allow them to function in a more “business-like” manner. In effect, the reforms have replaced direct ministerial control with operating charters, business plans, annual reports and performance measurement designed to keep ministers apprised of agency activities without intruding into the daily workings of the agency. Critics contend that this arrangement represents erosion of traditional principles of ministerial responsibility, and base their criticism on similar agency model programmes implemented by governments in Great Britain, New Zealand and Canada. This thesis reviews the Manitoba SOA initiative and pays specific attention to the measures implemented by the Government of Manitoba to secure ministerial responsibility. Drawing on interviews with relevant agency figures, the dynamics of the new reporting procedures will be considered with particular attention paid to ministers' ability to answer before the Legislative Assembly, agency officials compliance with roles and responsibilities outlined in operating charters, and perceptions of performance measurement as tools of prospective and retrospective control. The thesis will argue that the agency model has been cautiously applied in Manitoba thereby muting concerns associated with the loss of accountability. However, the thesis will argue that several critical components of the SOA model have not been implemented to the extent that creators of the SOA model had envisioned, and that such lapses could result in confusion should the SOA project be expanded in the future.Master of Public Administratio

Demography and population dynamics of the striped fieldmouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in alien Acacia vegetation on the Cape Flats, Cape Province, South Africa

Bibliography: leaves 337-349.In view of the fact that the long-term study of small mammal populations in southern Africa has been largely neglected, this project was an attempt to document more accurately than has hitherto been the case in Africa, the population changes in a small rodent, the striped fieldmouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, over a relatively long period of time. It was felt that the usual field study of one or two years duration was insufficient to obtain reliable data on demographic parameters. This was because it was important to document the variability of population data and to have as large sample sizes as possible. The fieldmouse is an omnivore but mainly granivorous and the habitat chosen was favourable for the mice, being dominated by thickets of alien Acacia cyclops and A. saligna, which provided abundant food (seeds) all year round, as well as cover and shade. The study was conducted on the Cape Flats, an area of lowlying sand dunes, on the banks of the Kuils River. Livetrapping grids were established, consisting of parallel rows of trap stations, 10m apart. The overall size of the study area was 2,55ha with a total of 156 stations. This comprised a central control grid of 60 stations (0,45ha), which was first trapped in April 1972 and where regular monthly trapping for 4 consecutive days and nights was conducted from July 1972 through May 1977. This was surrounded on three sides by peripheral grid K of 96 stations arranged in three parallel rows (see Fig. 2). Trapping was conducted in 324. grid K from February 1975 through February 1976 in an attempt to detect dispersal of mice from the control grid. From March 1976 through May 1977 trapping was conducted in a third grid, experimental grid E, which was established in the north side of the old grid K. It comprised 60 stations (0,44ha), in which supplementary food was supplied in the form of commercial rat pellets. The effects of the extra food on the population of mice were compared with the control grid. The mice were readily captured in box-type aluminium Sherman livetraps and all mice caught were marked by toeclipping and released. A total of 2281 R. pumilio were marked and released during the five year study. In addition, over 860 specimens of R. pumilio were killtrapped for autopsy in the laboratory. These yielded information on reproduction, food habits and morphological characteristics - particularly skulls for age determination by tooth wear

ZEBRA: Zero-Effort Bilateral Recurring Authentication (Companion report)

We describe and evaluate Zero-Effort Bilateral Recurring Authentication (ZEBRA) in our paper that appears in IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, May 2014. In this report we provide a more detailed comparative evaluation of ZEBRA against other related authentication schemes. The abstract of the paper follows. Common authentication methods based on passwords, tokens, or fingerprints perform one-time authentication and rely on users to log out from the computer terminal when they leave. Users often do not log out, however, which is a security risk. The most common solution, inactivity timeouts, inevitably fail security (too long a timeout) or usability (too short a timeout) goals. One solution is to authenticate users continuously while they are using the terminal and automatically log them out when they leave. Several solutions are based on user proximity, but these are not sufficient: they only confirm whether the user is nearby but not whether the user is actually using the terminal. Proposed solutions based on behavioral biometric authentication (e.g., keystroke dynamics) may not be reliable, as a recent study suggests. To address this problem we propose ZEBRA. In ZEBRA, a user wears a bracelet (with a built-in accelerometer, gyroscope, and radio) on her dominant wrist. When the user interacts with a computer terminal, the bracelet records the wrist movement, processes it, and sends it to the terminal. The terminal compares the wrist movement with the inputs it receives from the user (via keyboard and mouse), and confirms the continued presence of the user only if they correlate. Because the bracelet is on the same hand that provides inputs to the terminal, the accelerometer and gyroscope data and input events received by the terminal should correlate because their source is the same - the user\u27s hand movement. In our experiments ZEBRA performed continuous authentication with 85% accuracy in verifying the correct user and identified all adversaries within 11 s. For a different threshold that trades security for usability, ZEBRA correctly verified 90% of users and identified all adversaries within 50 seconds