MISA and DPX-PE350 effects on cotton development, yield and quality

Field research was conducted at Jackson in 1991 and Milan in 1992 to compare the effect of MSMA and DPX-PE350 on cotton development, yield and quality. Deltapine 50 cotton was planted in rows spaced 1 m apart. Individual plots were four rows by 9 m in length. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. MSMA at 2.24 kg ai ha-1 and DPX-PE350 at 0.14 kg ai ha-1 were applied to 15 to 25 cm (early) and 45 to 55 cm (late) cotton. Early treatments coincided with first square, while late applications were just prior to first flower. An untreated check was included for comparison. Experiments were hand-hoed to maintain weedfree conditions. Plant growth regulators and harvest aids were not used in these experiments to prevent interactive effects. A plant mapping procedure developed by Jenkins et al. 1990 was used to describe plant development. Terms include; 1. monopodium - vegetative branch; 2. sympodium - fruiting branch; 3. node - place on the main stem where sympodia or monopodia arise, nodes begin with the cotyledonary node as zero; 4. position - refers to the order in which fruit is produced on a sympodium branch; 5. fruiting site - any specific node and position combination. Plants were mapped at 5 weeks after treatment (WAT)2, 12 WAT and at harvest. Mapping data measured plant internode, height, number of sympodia, number of open bolls / closed bolls and yield by fruiting site. Data was collected from seven consecutive plants in 1 m of a middle row. Two center rows of each plot were machine harvested. A 1.14 kg sample of seed cotton from each plot was composited by treatment and ginned. Generally, DPX-PE350 did not affect development, yield and quality of cotton. However at 5 WAT, DPX-PE350-late increased square production and decreased boll production for sympodia position two, which could cause delayed plant development under extreme adverse growing conditions. MSMA decreased cotton plant internode length and height at 5 WAT for both years. However, only MSMA-late decreased plant height in 1992 and further observations revealed that no other plant characteristics were different for the 1992 growing season which could be a result of more favorable growing conditions. In 1991, MSMA generally increased squares and decreased blooms and bolls for monopodia and sympodia position one and two which suggests a delay in plant development. However, the delayed plant development response was more pronounced for MSMA-late which was still prevalent late season. At 12 WAT, MSMA-late reduced plant height, number of sympodia and number of open bolls, while increasing number of closed bolls.In 1991, mechanical harvest and plant mapping lint yields were decreased by MSMA-late. Mechanical harvest lint yields were decreased by MSMA at first harvest while increasing lint yields second harvest. However, only MSMA-late decreased total harvest lint yield. Plant mapping data determined that the yield decrease was a result of decreased yields at sympodia positions one and two. A trend developed for sympodia 8,9,10 and 11 where yield at positions one and two were generally decreased and position three was increased. This coincides with late applications made during sympodia 8 development. Fiber properties: length, strength and % trash were not different but, micronaire readings were decreased by MSMA-late in both years. Cotton seed arsenic analysis in 1991 indicates that MSMA-late increased arsenic levels for sympodia at position one and two compared to the untreated check, while position two contained the highest level. Therefore, arsenic movement in the plant may follow a source to sink relationship. In summary, DPX-PE350 had no measurable adverse affects on development, yield and quality of cotton. MSMA-late decreased plant internode and height, number of sympodia, number of open bolls, yield, and micronaire. MSMA-late also increased arsenic levels in cotton seed for sympodia at positions one and two

Allelopathy: an eco-friendly approach to control palmer amaranth using allelopathic sweetpotato

Palmer amaranth (PA) is one of the major weeds in sweetpotato reducing its quantity and quality. The widespread and repeated use of chemical herbicides has led PA to develop resistance for such chemicals. In addition, chemical herbicides are incompatible with the organic production system. It is imperative to find sustainable weed management strategies to provide weed control suitable for organic cultivation and detain the development of herbicide-resistant weeds under conventional crop production. In the present study, seventeen sweetpotato varieties were screened for their allelopathic (weed-suppressing) effect on the growth of PA. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a stair-step system. Each plant in the stair-step system had its height (cm), chlorophyll concentration (cci) and shoot biomass (g) measured. The variation in the height, chlorophyll and shoot biomass reduction of PA was significant after the third week of transplanting. Three weeks after transplanting (WAT), only three varieties, i.e., Morado (75%), Bayou belle (62%), and Vardaman (61%), reduced PA’s height by >60% compared to the control. While 5 WAT, four varieties, i.e., 529 (93%), Morado (93%), Heartogold (85%), and Centennial (81%), reduced PA height by >80%. Hatteras, Centennial, and 529 reduced the chlorophyll content of PA by >50%. In the presence of Beauregard, the commercial cultivar, there was no reduction in shoot biomass of PA. Cluster analysis also demonstrated that the four allelopathic sweetpotato varieties, i.e., Heart-O-Gold, Centennial, 529, and Morado, were clustered together, indicating that these varieties have similar potential to suppress the growth and development of PA. Combining allelopathic sweetpotato cultivars (Heart-O-Gold, Centennial, 529, and Morado) with other sustainable weed control measures, such as cover crops and hand-weeding, can improve the weed management, espicially in organic farming. However, field experiments should be conducted to confirm the allelopathic as well as yield potential of these varieties in an agronomic setting. The availability of the allelopathic sweetpotato cultivars will benefit organic producers by enhancing crop productivity and decrease reliance on chemical herbicides in conventional farming systems

Differential Response of Soil Microbial Diversity and Community Composition Influenced by Cover Crops and Fertilizer Treatments in a Dryland Soybean Production System

The response of soil microbial communities to management practices is composite, as it depends on the various environmental factors which contribute to a shift in the microbial communities. In this study we explored the impact of combinations of soil management practices on microbial diversity and community composition in a dryland soybean production system. Soil samples were collected from the experimental field maintained under no till, cover crops, and fertility treatments, at Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, MS, USA. Targeted amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS2 genes was used to study the bacterial and fungal community composition. Poultry litter amendment and cover crops significantly influenced soil bacterial diversity. Fertilizer sources had significantly different bacterial communities, as specific microbial taxa were strongly influenced by the changes in the nutrient availability, while cover crops influenced the soil fungal community differences. Differential enrichment of advantageous bacterial (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria) and fungal (Mortierellomycota) phyla was observed across the treatments. Soil pH and easily extractable glomalin-related soil proteins (EE-GRSP) were correlated with bacterial communities and aggregate stability (WSA) was influenced by the poultry litter amendment, thus driving the differences in bacterial and fungal communities. These findings suggest that a long-term study would provide more inferences on soil microbial community response to management changes in these dryland soybean production systems

Drought, Low Nitrogen Stress, and Ultraviolet-B Radiation Effects on Growth, Development, and Physiology of Sweetpotato Cultivars during Early Season

Drought, ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and nitrogen stress are significant constraints for sweetpotato productivity. Their impact on plant growth and development can be acute, resulting in low productivity. Identifying phenotypes that govern stress tolerance in sweetpotatoes is highly desirable to develop elite cultivars with better yield. Ten sweetpotato cultivars were grown under nonstress (100% replacement of evapotranspiration (ET)), drought-stress (50% replacement of ET), UV-B (10 kJ), and low-nitrogen (20% LN) conditions. Various shoot and root morphological, physiological, and gas-exchange traits were measured at the early stage of the crop growth to assess its performance and association with the storage root number. All three stress factors caused significant changes in the physiological and root- and shoot-related traits. Drought stress reduced most shoot developmental traits (29%) to maintain root growth. UV-B stress increased the accumulation of plant pigments and decreased the photosynthetic rate. Low-nitrogen treatment decreased shoot growth (11%) and increased the root traits (18%). The highly stable and productive cultivars under all four treatments were identified using multitrait stability index analysis and weighted average of absolute scores (WAASB) analyses. Further, based on the total stress response indices, ‘Evangeline’, ‘O’Henry’, and ‘Beauregard B-14’ were identified as vigorous under drought; ‘Evangeline’, ‘Orleans’, and ‘Covington’ under UV-B; and ‘Bonita’, ‘Orleans’, and ‘Beauregard B-14’ cultivars showed greater tolerance to low nitrogen. The cultivars ‘Vardaman’ and ‘NC05-198’ recorded a low tolerance index across stress treatments. This information could help determine which plant phenotypes are desirable under stress treatment for better productivity. The cultivars identified as tolerant, sensitive, and well-adapted within and across stress treatments can be used as source materials for abiotic stress tolerance breeding programs

Sweet Potato (<i>Ipomoea batatas L.</i>) Response to Incremental Application Rates of Potassium Fertilizer in Mississippi

Potassium (K) fertilization is a crucial component of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) production. The basis for K fertilizer recommendations in sweet potato production varies greatly and relies on studies conducted in the late 1950s–1970s. Changes in agronomic practices and increasing costs emphasize the need to revisit fertilizer recommendations. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of seven different K fertilizer (K2O) application rates on sweet potato storage root yield, tissue K concentration, and economic implications in Mississippi. Incremental applications of K fertilizer did not influence sweet potato yield at any grade. Leaf tissue K concentration exhibited a quadratic trend in response to K fertilizer rate, with maximum leaf and root K content achieved at 269 and 404 kg·ha−1 K2O, respectively. Both the predicted K application rate for maximum yield and maximum profitability were the same, at 174 kg·ha−1 K2O. Accordingly, comparable sweet potato yields were achieved while applying substantially less fertilizer than the recommended rate. Further research is warranted to examine the impacts of only potassium fertilizer applications on soil characteristics and temporal trends in sweet potato potassium uptake, as well as refine fertilization recommendations for sweet potato production

Impact of Cover Crops and Poultry Litter on Selected Soil Properties and Yield in Dryland Soybean Production

Soil biological properties are important for the stabilization and preservation of a good soil structure. Management practices can affect the diversity and population of microorganisms, which could beneficially change soil properties and promote a more sustainable dryland crop production. This study was established near Pontotoc, MS, USA (34&deg;07&prime; N, 88&deg;59&prime; W) on an Atwood silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudalf) to evaluate the impacts of cover crops, planting dates and fertilizer sources (poultry litter, inorganic fertilizer and no fertilizer) on selected biologically related soil properties in a no-tillage, dryland soybean production. Soil analyses included total carbon and nitrogen, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP), water stable aggregate (WSA) and soil pH. Cover crop production and soybean yield were also determined. The results indicated that the fertilizer source had an impact on total nitrogen, EE-GRSP and soybean yield. Total N was 6% higher with poultry litter at the early planting date compared to no fertilizer (control) (p &lt; 0.0018) and at the late planting date, when total N and EE-GRSP were increased by 11% and 13%, respectively, with poultry litter compared to no fertilizer. Additionally, soil pH was reduced by 0.25 units in the poultry litter-amended treatment. Soybean yield was increased by 68% and 51% in early-planted soybean and 42% and 40% in late-planted soybean with poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer, respectively, compared to no fertilizer. This study revealed that biological soil properties and soybean yield were influenced by poultry litter application. The results showed no significant effects of cover crops over the short time period of the study

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Response to Incremental Application Rates of Potassium Fertilizer in Mississippi

Potassium (K) fertilization is a crucial component of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) production. The basis for K fertilizer recommendations in sweet potato production varies greatly and relies on studies conducted in the late 1950s&ndash;1970s. Changes in agronomic practices and increasing costs emphasize the need to revisit fertilizer recommendations. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of seven different K fertilizer (K2O) application rates on sweet potato storage root yield, tissue K concentration, and economic implications in Mississippi. Incremental applications of K fertilizer did not influence sweet potato yield at any grade. Leaf tissue K concentration exhibited a quadratic trend in response to K fertilizer rate, with maximum leaf and root K content achieved at 269 and 404 kg&middot;ha&minus;1 K2O, respectively. Both the predicted K application rate for maximum yield and maximum profitability were the same, at 174 kg&middot;ha&minus;1 K2O. Accordingly, comparable sweet potato yields were achieved while applying substantially less fertilizer than the recommended rate. Further research is warranted to examine the impacts of only potassium fertilizer applications on soil characteristics and temporal trends in sweet potato potassium uptake, as well as refine fertilization recommendations for sweet potato production