Appendix A. Results of statistical analyses.

Results of statistical analyses

Schematic illustration of a predator-prey tank comprising one predator compartment and six prey compartments.

<p>Shelter consists of a plastic tube for each predator and a <i>Pocillopora</i> coral for each prey. Predators receive olfactory cues from a header tank containing 20 prey individuals and visual cues through a Perspex barrier separating predators from prey. For simplicity only a tank for <i>Pseudochromis fuscus</i> is shown in the figure.</p

Comparison of juvenile fish survival in three different size combinations plus where they are solitary.

<p>a) <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> (A) larger than <i>P. moluccensis</i> (M); b) <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> same size as <i>P. moluccensis</i>; c) <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> smaller than <i>P. moluccensis</i>; d) survival on patch reefs when alone. P-values are from tests between survival trajectories displayed in each graph by Cox two-sample F-tests (ns, non-significant).</p

Growth in the field of <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> (Pa) and <i>P. moluccensis</i> (Pm) in the presence or absence of eachother.

<p>Growth is expressed as otolith increment widths (µm). Means with standard errors are plotted (n = 25, 25, 30, 30 bottom to top, with variable n’s after age 45 d down to  = 4 minimum).</p

Vertical distribution of damselfish juveniles.

<p>The relative height above sand of three size groups of <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> (white) and <i>P. moluccensis</i> (grey) juveniles on the reef edge, together with their height when they are not with the second species. Size or post-settlement age classes were: recent recruits (within the last week, ∼10–15.0 mm SL); juveniles from the previous lunar pulse (15–25 mm SL); juveniles that settled more than one month previously (>25 mm SL). Error bars are standard errors. Letters above bars represent Tukey’s HSD groupings. n = 30, except for the last two bars where n = 26 and 24.</p

Competitive outcome for <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> from trials between juvenile <i>P. amboinensis</i> (A) and <i>P. moluccensis</i> (M) of various relative sizes on patch reefs composed of the bushy hard coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i>.

<p>Competitive outcome for <i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i> from trials between juvenile <i>P. amboinensis</i> (A) and <i>P. moluccensis</i> (M) of various relative sizes on patch reefs composed of the bushy hard coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i>.</p

Behavioural responses of experienced juvenile <i>Chromis viridis</i> to the exposure of olfactory, visual and a combination of visual and olfactory cues of three different predators (N = 16–19).

<p>Prey did not respond with antipredator behaviours when exposed to any threat cues from <i>Pterois volitans</i>. Antipredator responses were seen when prey were exposed to olfactory cues of <i>Dendrochirus zebra</i>, but not to visual cues alone. When exposed to olfactory and visual threat cues of <i>Cephalopholis microprion</i> prey responded with reduced foraging (A), activity (B) and increased shelter use (C), and there was an additive effect when both cue sources were present. Letters indicate significant groupings.</p

Diel variation in behaviour of <i>Cephalopholis cyanostigma</i> and <i>Pseudochromis fuscus</i> (means ± SE) for three times of the day: dawn, midday, and dusk.

<p>a) Total strikes per minute at fish for <i>C. cyanostigma</i> (dark grey bars) and <i>P. fuscus</i> (white bars), b) proportion of time spent swimming (as opposed to hiding and stationary) by <i>C. cyanostigma</i>, c) total distance (m) moved per minute by <i>C. cyanostigma</i>, and d) aggression index (+ aggression, − avoidance) for <i>C. cyanostigma</i>. Letters above bars represent Tukey's HSD homogenous subsets. N = 26, 21, 23 for dawn, midday and dusk respectively for <i>C. cyanostigma</i>, while N = 6, 6, and 8 for <i>P. fuscus</i>. Note that the definition of the time intervals for the two species differ slightly (see text for details). Data for <i>P. fuscus</i> in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111723#pone-0111723-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2a</a> from Feeney et al. (2012).</p

Foraging and activity of <i>Pseudochromis fuscus</i> and <i>Cephalopholis cyanostigma</i> over a diel cycle within laboratory tanks (see <b>Fig. 1</b>).

<p>a) Mean (± SE) proportion of daily strikes per 3 h time period, b) mean proportion of time spent swimming versus hiding per 3 h time period. Both variables were arcsin-squart-root transformed for analysis. N = 10 per time per species.</p

Behavioural responses of inexperienced and experienced juvenile <i>Chromis viridis</i> to the visual presentation of three different predators (N = 16–18).

<p>Antipredator responses were only seen in experienced prey exposed to <i>Cephalopholis microprion</i>. Prey reduced foraging (A), lowered activity rates (B) and increased shelter use (C). Letters indicate significant groupings.</p