Flow-Mediated Synthesis of Boc, Fmoc, and Dd<i>iv</i> Monoprotected Diamines

A series of monoprotected aliphatic diamines (21 examples) were synthesized via continuous flow methods. The carbamates and enamines were obtained in 45–91% yields using a 0.5 mm diameter PTFE tubular flow reactor. Using readily accessible protecting group precursors, the procedure serves as an attractive alternative to existing batch-mode synthetic routes by providing direct, multigram access to <i>N</i>-Boc-, <i>N</i>-Fmoc-, and <i>N</i>-Dd<i>iv</i>-protected compounds with productivity indexes of 1.2–3.6 g/h

The generation of DNA templates from microarrays and parallel analysis.

<p>A ssDNA microarray was incubated with a primer (16 h) followed by elongation using <i>Taq</i> polymerase (16 h) producing as dsDNA microarray. The newly synthesized DNA strands were used as templates for solution phase PCR carried out over the microarray leading to amplification of the ssDNA displayed on the microarray. The dsDNA was amplified by PCR to produce fluorescently labeled ssDNA analogous to the ssDNA printed on the microarray. The fluorescently labeled ssDNA was hybridized to a complementary microarray <i>or</i> submitted to Solexa sequencing to allow decoding of the amplified ssDNA. FAM = 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein.</p

Oligonucleotide sequences not seen by Solexa sequencing and their background-corrected average microarray intensities.

<p>Oligonucleotide sequences not seen by Solexa sequencing and their background-corrected average microarray intensities.</p

DNA gel electrophoresis.

<p>(<b>a</b>) PCR products from the 1, 10, 3,875, 10,000 oligonucleotide microarrays. (<b>b</b>) Products from 5 repeats of PCR from the 10,000 oligonucleotide array. (<b>c</b>) dsDNA-10,000 and dsDNA-3875 (left) and their EcoICRI digestion (right). (<b>d</b>) PCR amplification with two primers producing dsDNA-10,000-FAM and dsDNA-3,875-FAM and dsDNA-10-FAM (left) and asymmetric PCR with a single primer producing ssDNA-10,000-FAM and ssDNA-3,875-FAM (right).</p

General sequences of microarray supported oligonucleotides and primer sequences.

<p>H = A, C, or T.</p

Analysis of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> Interactions with Polymer Surfaces Using a Microarray Approach

The interaction of the waterborne protozoan parasite, <i>Giardia lamblia</i>, with polymeric materials was investigated by microarray screening of 652 polymers. Polymers were identified which either bound <i>G. lamblia</i> cysts or prevented their binding. Correlation of material properties such as wettability and surface roughness with cyst attachment revealed no influence of these factors upon <i>Giardia</i> adhesion. However, the study of polymer composition allowed the correlation of binding and generation of polymer structure function relationships; glycol and aromatic functionalities appeared to prevent adhesion, whereas secondary amine groups promoted adhesion, in agreement with previous literature. A significant reduction in attachment was observed following both cyst treatments with proteinase K and performing experiments at extremes of pH (2 and 12). It is suggested that proteinase K removes the proteins needed for specific surface interactions, whereas extremes of pH influence either protonation of the polymer or the surface charge of the cysts. The mechanism by which the protozoa attach to polymeric surfaces is proposed to be through ion–pair interactions. Improved understanding of <i>G. lamblia</i> surface interactions could assist in predicting transport and fate behavior in the environment and contribute to better design of water treatment processes, while the polymers identified in this work could find use in sensor applications and membrane filtration

Analysis of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> Interactions with Polymer Surfaces Using a Microarray Approach

The interaction of the waterborne protozoan parasite, <i>Giardia lamblia</i>, with polymeric materials was investigated by microarray screening of 652 polymers. Polymers were identified which either bound <i>G. lamblia</i> cysts or prevented their binding. Correlation of material properties such as wettability and surface roughness with cyst attachment revealed no influence of these factors upon <i>Giardia</i> adhesion. However, the study of polymer composition allowed the correlation of binding and generation of polymer structure function relationships; glycol and aromatic functionalities appeared to prevent adhesion, whereas secondary amine groups promoted adhesion, in agreement with previous literature. A significant reduction in attachment was observed following both cyst treatments with proteinase K and performing experiments at extremes of pH (2 and 12). It is suggested that proteinase K removes the proteins needed for specific surface interactions, whereas extremes of pH influence either protonation of the polymer or the surface charge of the cysts. The mechanism by which the protozoa attach to polymeric surfaces is proposed to be through ion–pair interactions. Improved understanding of <i>G. lamblia</i> surface interactions could assist in predicting transport and fate behavior in the environment and contribute to better design of water treatment processes, while the polymers identified in this work could find use in sensor applications and membrane filtration

The number of times each oligonucleotide was seen by Solexa sequencing plotted versus the oligonucleotide sequences.

<p>36-bp reads of the Solexa primer of the dsDNA-10,000 oligo-pool generated by “read-off” the 10,000 oligonucleotide microarray.</p

Analysis of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> Interactions with Polymer Surfaces Using a Microarray Approach

The interaction of the waterborne protozoan parasite, <i>Giardia lamblia</i>, with polymeric materials was investigated by microarray screening of 652 polymers. Polymers were identified which either bound <i>G. lamblia</i> cysts or prevented their binding. Correlation of material properties such as wettability and surface roughness with cyst attachment revealed no influence of these factors upon <i>Giardia</i> adhesion. However, the study of polymer composition allowed the correlation of binding and generation of polymer structure function relationships; glycol and aromatic functionalities appeared to prevent adhesion, whereas secondary amine groups promoted adhesion, in agreement with previous literature. A significant reduction in attachment was observed following both cyst treatments with proteinase K and performing experiments at extremes of pH (2 and 12). It is suggested that proteinase K removes the proteins needed for specific surface interactions, whereas extremes of pH influence either protonation of the polymer or the surface charge of the cysts. The mechanism by which the protozoa attach to polymeric surfaces is proposed to be through ion–pair interactions. Improved understanding of <i>G. lamblia</i> surface interactions could assist in predicting transport and fate behavior in the environment and contribute to better design of water treatment processes, while the polymers identified in this work could find use in sensor applications and membrane filtration

The background corrected average intensities plotted versus the number of replicates.

<p>(<b>a</b>) The dsDNA-10-FAM library. (<b>b</b>) The ssDNA-3,875-FAM library. (<b>c</b>) The ssDNA-10,000-FAM library. Error bars indicate ± s.d.</p