Cooling and Clusters: When Is Heating Needed?

There are (at least) two unsolved problems concerning the current state of the thermal gas in clusters of galaxies. The first is identifying the source of the heating which offsets cooling in the centers of clusters with short cooling times (the ``cooling flow'' problem). The second is understanding the mechanism which boosts the entropy in cluster and group gas. Since both of these problems involve an unknown source of heating it is tempting to identify them with the same process, particular since AGN heating is observed to be operating at some level in a sample of well-observed ``cooling flow'' clusters. Here we show, using numerical simulations of cluster formation, that much of the gas ending up in clusters cools at high redshift and so the heating is also needed at high-redshift, well before the cluster forms. This indicates that the same process operating to solve the cooling flow problem may not also resolve the cluster entropy problem.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, published in Philosophical Transactions A (Royal Society

State Climate Office of Ohio: Stewarding Weather and Climate Data in Service of All Ohioans

IMPACT. 1: Development of a multi-platform prototype "FARM" (Fertilizer Application and Resource Monitor) mobile and web application and climate database to serve farmers in the Western Lake Erie Basin. -- 2. Creation of a webpage and robust database of historical weather and climate information to guide farmer compliance decisions concerning fertilizer and manure application. -- 3. Forging a multidisciplinary consortium at OSU and in the Midwest region to foster integrated science research and assessment to inform resource management and public policy.OSU PARTNERS: Arts and Sciences – Geography; Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center; College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; OSU Extension; Office of Energy and Environment; Office of Outreach and EngagementCOMMUNITY PARTNERS: weatherUSA, LLCPRIMARY CONTACT: Bryan Mark ([email protected])Meteorological and climatological data is publically available, but often neither tailored to the needs of public and private stakeholders nor available for effective use on an intuitive and applicable platform for homeowners, resource managers, agricultural producers, and policy makers. As data stewards, the State Climate Office of Ohio aims to connect Ohioans with weather and climate information necessary to improve lives. This mission is exemplified with the "FARM" web application, initiated with a Connect & Collaborate grant

Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wages Distribution

Using harmonised data from the European Union Household Panel, we analyse gender pay gaps by sector across the wages distribution for eleven countries. We find that the mean gender pay gap in the raw data typically hides large variations in the gap across the wages distribution. We use quantile regression techniques to control for the effects of individual and job characteristics at different points of the distribution, and calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. We find that, first, gender pay gaps are typically bigger at the top of the wage distribution, a finding that is consistent with the existence of glass ceilings. Second, for some countries gender pay gaps are also bigger at the bottom of the wage distribution, a finding that is consistent with sticky floors. Third, the gender pay gap is typically higher at the top than the bottom end of the wage distribution, suggesting that glass ceilings are more prevalent than sticky floors. Fourth, the gender pay gap differs significantly across the public and the private sector wages distribution for each of our EU countries.glass ceilings, sticky floors, quantile regression, public sector, gender pay gaps.

Confusion of Diffuse Objects in the X-ray Sky

Most of the baryons in the present-day universe are thought to reside in intergalactic space at temperatures of 10^5-10^7 K. X-ray emission from these baryons contributes a modest (~10%) fraction of the ~ 1 keV background whose prominence within the large-scale cosmic web depends on the amount of non-gravitational energy injected into intergalactic space by supernovae and AGNs. Here we show that the virialized regions of groups and clusters cover over a third of the sky, creating a source-confusion problem that may hinder X-ray searches for individual intercluster filaments and contaminate observations of distant groups.Comment: accepted to ApJ Letters, 7 pages, 3 figure

The baseline intracluster entropy profile from gravitational structure formation

The radial entropy profile of the hot gas in clusters of galaxies tends to follow a power law in radius outside of the cluster core. Here we present a simple formula giving both the normalization and slope for the power-law entropy profiles of clusters that form in the absence of non-gravitational processes such as radiative cooling and subsequent feedback. It is based on seventy-one clusters drawn from four separate cosmological simulations, two using smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and two using adaptive-mesh refinement (AMR), and can be used as a baseline for assessing the impact of non-gravitational processes on the intracluster medium outside of cluster cores. All the simulations produce clusters with self-similar structure in which the normalization of the entropy profile scales linearly with cluster temperature, and these profiles are in excellent agreement outside of 0.2 r_200. Because the observed entropy profiles of clusters do not scale linearly with temperature, our models confirm that non-gravitational processes are necessary to break the self-similarity seen in the simulations. However, the core entropy levels found by the two codes used here significantly differ, with the AMR code producing nearly twice as much entropy at the centre of a cluster.Comment: Accepted to MNRAS, 8 pages, 9 figure

Simulating Metal Mixing of Both Common and Rare Enrichment Sources in a Low-mass Dwarf Galaxy

One-zone models constructed to match observed stellar abundance patterns have been used extensively to constrain the sites of nucleosynthesis with sophisticated libraries of stellar evolution and stellar yields. The metal mixing included in these models is usually highly simplified, although it is likely to be a significant driver of abundance evolution. In this work we use high-resolution hydrodynamics simulations to investigate how metals from individual enrichment events with varying source energies E_(ej) mix throughout the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) of a low-mass (M_(gas) = 2 × 10⁶ M_⊙), low-metallicity, isolated dwarf galaxy. These events correspond to the characteristic energies of both common and exotic astrophysical sites of nucleosynthesis, including asymptotic giant branch winds (E_(ej) ~ 10⁴⁶ erg), neutron star–neutron star mergers (E_(ej) ~ 10⁴⁹ erg), supernovae (E_(ej) ~ 10⁵¹ erg), and hypernovae (E_(ej) ~ 10⁵² erg). We find the mixing timescales for individual enrichment sources in our dwarf galaxy to be long (100 Myr–1 Gyr), with a clear trend of increasing homogeneity for the more energetic events. Given these timescales, we conclude that the spatial distribution and frequency of events are important drivers of abundance homogeneity on large scales; rare, low-E_(ej) events should be characterized by particularly broad abundance distributions. The source energy E_(ej) also correlates with the fraction of metals ejected in galactic winds, ranging anywhere from 60% at the lowest energy to 95% for hypernovae. We conclude by examining how the radial position, local ISM density, and global star formation rate influence these results