201 research outputs found

    Towards a European system of tradable pollution permits?

    Get PDF
    From a legal point of view the question arises under which conditions market-based instruments are acceptable approaches in environmental law. This article explores conditions under which a permit market (the instrument of tradable pollution rights) can be applied in Europe (at EEC-level). It is important to get customed to the idea of permit-market, since, in order to achieve succesful environmental protection, various alternatives have to be well-understood. The article maps several important issues, such as the distribution of the permits, and control and enforcement

    Посилити вплив академічної науки на формування економічного законодавства

    Get PDF
    У статті акцентовано увагу на необхідності активізації комплексних досліджень на межі економіки та права з метою посилення впливу науки на вдосконалення правового забезпечення економіки. Результати досліджень потрібно доводити до форми проекту конкретного нормативного акта. Академічні інститути зобов’язані домагатися реалізації своїх рекомендацій. Варто також розширити спектр наукової експертизи законопроектів. Виконання названих вимог має бути одним із критеріїв оцінювання діяльності наукових колективів.В статье акцентируется внимание на необходимости активизации комплексных исследований на стыке экономики и права с целью усиления влияния науки на совершенствование правового обеспечения экономики. Результаты исследований необходимо доводить до формы проекта конкретного нормативного акта. Академические институты обязаны добиваться реализации своих рекомендаций. Следует также расширить спектр научной экспертизы законопроектов. Выполнение указанных требований должно стать одним из критериев оценки деятельности научных коллективов.The paper proves the necessity of making more comprehensive researches at the junction of economy and law in order to strengthen the influence of the science on improving the legal provision for the economy. The results of researches should be formulated in the form of a special normative act. The academic institutes must do their best to achieve the practical realization of their recommendations. It is necessary to extend the front of a scientific examination of draft laws. The fulfillment of the above requirements should be one of the criteria for assessing the activity of research collectives

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

    Get PDF
    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    On regulatory power, compliance, and the role of the Court of Justice in EU environmental law: Concluding chapter to the Research Handbook on EU environmental law

    No full text
    This concluding chapter provides overarching observations related to how the EU has used its regulatory power to steer towards environmentally friendly behaviour (section 2), will delve into the deep concerns related to the compliance with and enforcement of EU environmental law, thereby also highlighting the important role of civil society (section 3), and will characterize how the CJEU has contributed to the effective implementation of EU environmental legislation (section 4). Section 5 concludes with an outlook on EU environmental law scholarship
    corecore