Traumatic esophageal perforations : predictive factors of morbidity and mortality

Orientadores: Nelson Adami Andreollo, Gustavo Pereira FragaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Lesões traumáticas do esôfago têm ocorrência rara, seu diagnóstico é difícil, e estão associadas a significativos níveis de morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar epidemiologicamente essas lesões, os métodos diagnósticos, e identificar fatores preditivos relacionados a maior morbidade e mortalidade nos pacientes acometidos por este tipo de lesão. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, entre 1994 e 2012, com 25 pacientes operados por perfuração esofágica traumática nesse período. Mecanismo de trauma, parâmetros fisiológicos, localização, grau da lesão esofágica, presença de lesões associadas e índices de trauma foram analisados. O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido (88%), com faixa etária entre 15 e 65 anos (média de 29,2 anos), tendo FPAF como principal etiologia (68%) e acometendo principalmente o esôfago cervical (68%). Em 17 pacientes, a confirmação diagnóstica ocorreu por meio de exames subsidiários, sendo que os mais realizados foram Endoscopia Digestiva Alta e Tomografia Computadorizada. Nos demais 8 casos o diagnóstico foi intra-operatório. O intervalo de tempo entre o trauma e a cirurgia foi inferior a 6 horas em 40% dos traumas penetrantes e inferior a 24 horas em 80% dos casos, independente do mecanismo. A sutura acompanhada da drenagem foi o tratamento cirúrgico mais frequente (92% dos casos). A morbidade global foi 72%, sendo a pneumonia a complicação mais prevalente, e 48% decorrentes de complicações relacionadas diretamente à lesão esofágica, sendo a infecção de ferida operatória e a fístula as mais comuns. A mortalidade foi 16%, e ocorreu por choque hipovolêmico (2 casos) ou por sepse (2 casos). Valores de ISS maiores que 25 e grau da lesão OIS > 3 foram preditores para a ocorrência de fístula (24% dos casos). Não foi observado nenhum fator que isolado concorreu para o aparecimento de complicações em geral. Pacientes com idade superior a 54 anos, PAS na admissão inferior a 90 mmHg e TRISS menor que 0,5, foram identificados com maior mortalidade. Conclui-se que os fatores descritos estão associados a maior ocorrência de fístula e mortalidade, porém, por se tratar de casuística retrospectiva e pequena, novos estudos serão necessários para validação dessas informaçõesAbstract: Injuries to the esophagus are rare, with difficult diagnosis, and are commonly associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of these lesions, diagnostic methods, trying to identify predictive factors related to increased morbidity and mortality in this specific population. A retrospective study of 25 patients submitted to surgery with traumatic penetrating esophageal injuries from 1994 to 2012 was performed. Mechanism of injury, physiologic measures, injury location, esophageal injury grade, presence of associated injuries and trauma scores were evaluated. Male patients were the most affected accounting for 88% of the cases, with ages between 15 and 65 years (mean 29.2 years). Gunshot injuries were the main etiology (68%) and happened more often in the cervical topography of the esophagus (68%). In 17 patients ancillary tests were performed to confirm the diagnosis, among these, the most performed tests were Upper Digestive Endoscopy and CT scan. In 8 cases, esophageal injuries were diagnosed intraoperatively. The length of time between trauma and surgery was less than 6 hours in 40% of the penetrating injuries and less than 24 hours in 80% overall, despite the mechanism of injury. The suture followed by drainage was the most frequent surgical method performed (92% of cases). The overall morbidity was 72%, with pneumonia as the most prevalent. 48% of the complications were directly related to the esophageal injury, and operative wound infection and fistula were the most common. Mortality was 16% and occurred in patients with hypovolemic shock (2 cases) or sepsis (2 cases). ISS values greater than 25 and the injury AAST-OIS grade > 3 were predictors for the occurrence of fistula (24% of cases). No other isolated factors were observed to contribute to the surge of general complications. Patients over 54 years old, SBP lower than 90 mmHg and TRISS lower than 0.5 on admission were identified with higher mortality. In conclusion, the factors described herein are associated with higher incidence of fistula and mortality, but due to a small and retrospective case series, further studies are required to validate this informationMestradoFisiopatologia CirúrgicaMestre em Ciência

Jejunum and ileum blunt trauma: what has changed with the implementation of multislice computed tomography?

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of the new technology of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in improving the accuracy and early diagnosis of BSBI.METHODS: patients with blunt small bowel injuries (BSBI) grade> I were identified retrospectively and their CT scans reviewed by an experienced radiologist. Clinical and tomographic findings were analyzed and patients grouped as "pre-MDCT" and "post-MDCT", according to the time of implementation of a 64-slice MDCT.RESULTS: of the 26 patients with BSBI 16 had CT scans. Motor vehicle collision (62.5%) was the most frequent mechanism of injury. In the pre-MDCT period, five of the 13 patients (38.5%) had abdominal CT, and in the post-MDCT, 11 of 13 patients (84.6%) had the exam. During pre-MDCT, all CT scans were abnormal with findings of pneumoperitoneum (60%), free fluid (40%) and bowel wall enhancement (20%). In the post-MDCT group, all exams but one were abnormal and the most frequent findings were free fluid (90.9%), bowel wall enhancement (72.7%), and pneumoperitoneum (54.5%). However, the rate of delayed laparotomy did not change. The mortality rate in both groups were similar, with 20% during pre-MDCT and 18.2% during post-MDCT.CONCLUSION: the use of MDCT in abdominal trauma in our service has increased the sensibility of the diagnosis, but has had no impact on outcome so far

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data