Uticaj inokulacije pasulja sa Rhizobium phaseoli na mikrobiološku aktivnost zemljišta

Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium are symbiotic gram-negative soil microorganisms that affect the forming of bean root nodules. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation of different bean genotypes (cv. Belko, Sremac) with Rhizobium phaseoli on soil microbial activity. Experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at the location Rimski Sancevi on a chernozem soil. Immediately before planting, bean seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium phaseoli strains. The control variant was not inoculated. The study included 6 variants: 1. bean seeds inoculated with strain Rhizobium phaseoli 1; 2. seeds inoculated with strain Rhizobium phaseoli 2; 3. seeds inoculated with strain Rhizobium phaseoli 3; 4. seeds inoculated with strain Rhizobium phaseoli 4; 5. seeds inoculated with a mixture of four strains; 6. control. Soil samples for microbiological analyses were taken at the flowering stage and at the end of bean growing season. The obtained results showed that the abundance of the microbial groups depended on bean genotype. The average two-year results indicated that inoculation significantly affected the number of microorganisms in the soil. With cv. Belko, the numbers of azotobacters, actinomycetes and the total number of microorganisms were higher in the inoculated variants than in the control. Cv. Sremac had increased numbers of azotobacters and free nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Inoculation had no effect on the numbers of fungi and ammonifiers, with the exception of cv. Sremac at the end of growing season, when the number of ammonifiers was increased. The examined strains exhibited various effects on soil microbiological activity. .Bakterije roda Rhizobium phaseoli su simbiotski Gram-negativni mikroorganizmi zemljišta koji utiču na formiranje kvržica na korenu pasulja. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita uticaj inokulacije različitih genotipova pasulja (Belko, Sremac) na mikrobiološku aktivnost zemljišta. Ogled je postavljen na zemljištu tipa černozem na lokalitetu Rimski Šancevi u toku 2002. i 2003 godine. Neposredno pred setvu seme je inokulisano sojevima Rhizobium phaseoli, a kontrolna varijanta nije inokulisana. Ogled je postavljen u 6 varijanti: 1. seme inokulisano sojem Rhizobium phaseoli 1; 2. seme inokulisano sojem Rhizobium phaseoli 2; 3. seme inokulisano sojem Rhizobium phaseoli 3; 4. seme inokulisano sojem Rhizobium phaseoli 4; 5. seme inokulisano smešom četiri soja; 6. kontrola. Mikrobiološke analize zemljišta urađene su u fazi cvetanja pasulja i na kraju vegetacije. Istraživanja su pokazala da postoji zavisnost između ispitivanih genotipova pasulja i zastupljenosti ispitivanih grupa mikroorganizama. Prosečni rezultati za obe godine ukazuju da je i inokulacija značajno uticala na brojnost mikroorganizama u zemljištu. Kod sorte Belko broj azotobaktera, aktinomiceta kao i ukupan broj mikroorganizama veći je kod inokulisanih varijanti u odnosu na kontrolu, dok je kod sorte Sremac veći broj azotobaktera i oligonitrofila. Inokulacija nije uticala na brojnost gljiva i amonifikatora (osim kod sorte Sremac na kraju vegetacije, gde je broj amonifikatora povećan). Sojevi su neujednačeno uticali na mikrobiološku aktivnost zemljišta.

Uticaj mikroorganizama na ublažavanje posledica abiotičkog stresa kod poljoprivrednih kultura

Microorganisms could play an important role in adaptation strategies and increase of tolerance to abiotic stresses in agricultural plants. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) mitigate most effectively the impact of abiotic stresses (drought, low temperature, salinity, metal toxicity, and high temperatures) on plants through the production of exopolysaccharates and biofilm formation. PGPR mitigate the impact of drought on plants through a process so-called induced systemic tolerance (IST), which includes: a) bacterial production of cytokinins, b) production of antioxidants and c) degradation of the ethylene precursor ACC by bacterial ACC deaminase. Symbiotic fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and dual symbiotic systems (endophytic rhizospheric bacteria and symbiotic fungi) also tend to mitigate the abiotic stress in plants.Mikroorganizmi mogu imati značajnu ulogu u strategijama adaptacija i povećanju tolerantnosti poljoprivrednih biljnih vrsta na abiotičke stresove. Najveći uticaj ublažavanja abiotičkih stresova na biljku (suša, niske temperature, salinitet, toksičnost metala i visoke temperature) imaju mikroorganizmi koji naseljavaju rizosferno zemljište, a promoteri su biljnog rasta (PGPR), kroz produkciju egzopolisaharida i formiranjem biofilma. PGPR ublažavaju uticaj suše na biljke indukovanim sistemom tolerancije (IST): a) produkcijom bakterijskog citokinina b) produkcijom antioksidanata i c) degradacijom etilen prekursora ACC bakterijskim ACC-deaminazom. Takođe i simbiozne gljive (abscular mycorrhizal fungi) i dual simbiozni sistemi (rhizosphere, endophytic bacteria i symbiotic fungi) utiču na ublažavanje abiotičkih stresova u biljkama

Effect of N Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Inoculated Soybean

The paper studied the effects of different nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N/ha) on the soybean cultivar Proteinka, inoculated with the NS-Nitragin microbial fertilizer. Trials were set up at Backi Petrovac on a soil with no previous history of soybean cultivation. Samples of plant material were taken twice, once at soybean flowering and once at maturity. At flowering, the largest mass and length of the above-ground plant parts were recorded in the treatment with 60 kg N/ha, while the largest nodule number, mass and N content were obtained with 30 kg N/ha. The largest pod, grain numbers and grain mass and N content were produced by the inoculated treatment with no N added, and chat was the treatment that produced the largest yield as well

Upotreba biofizičkih metoda radi poboljšanja prinosa i kvaliteta poljoprivrednih proizvoda

Until as recently as a century ago, the exposure of biological systems to radiation was limited only to the natural sources. Today, however, a broad range of radiation types and doses have found a wide variety of uses and applications, so much so that it would be difficult to make a list of all the areas of human activity in which radiation is used for one purpose or another. The study of radiation effects on individuals and populations as a whole has become important only with the development of methods and sources of man-made radiation. Given that what is present in this case are physical effects on biological systems (living organisms), all these methods can be placed under the heading of biophysical influences. In the last 50 years, the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have been studied with great diligence. These fields are the ones most commonly found in the human environment and they have been used in our studies in this field. The present paper provides a brief review of the literature data and our findings on the effects of ELF-EMF on various crop species using the RIES (Resonant Impulse Electromagnetic Stimulation) method, developed at the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Novi Sad.Izloženost bioloških sistema u prirodi različitim vrstama zračenja, do pre samo jednog veka bila je ograničena isključivo na prirodne izvore. Danas, međutim, oblast primene najrazličitijih vrsta i doza zračenja je veoma raznovrsna, i teško je navesti sve oblike ljudske delatnosti u kojima se ona koristi. Proučavanje njihovih efekata na jedinke ili populacije u celini, dobilo je na značaju tek razvojem metoda i izvora zračenja koje je čovek stvorio. Obzirom da se radi o fizičkim dejstvima na biološke sisteme, tj. žive organizme, sve ove metode mogu se svrstati u domen biofizičkih delovanja. U poslednjih pedesetak godina se sa posebnom pažnjom ispituje uticaj EMF- a (Electromagnetic Field) ekstremno niskih frekvencija (ELF - Extemely Low Frequency), koja se najčešće nalaze u čovekovom okruženju, a koja se primenjuju i u našim ispitivanjima. U radu će biti dat kratak pregled dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja autora i literaturnih podataka o dejstvu elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija na gajene biljne vrste, primenom metode Rezonantno-Impulsne Elektromagnetne Stimulacije (RIES), razrađene na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Novom Sadu

Uticaj inokulacije soje na mikrobiološku aktivnost zemljišta

Soil fertility is associated with the activity of soil microflora, which in its turn depends on the content of organic matter in soil, soil moisture, temperature and pH, mineral nutrition, effectiveness of nodular bacteria and the crop grown. An experiment was established in 2002 at Rimski Šančevi experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in which the soybean variety Afrodita was treated with microbial fertilizers NS-Nitragin and BactoFil B. The soybean variety and NS-Nitragin have been developed at the Institute, while BactoFil B comes from Hungary. The experimental design was random blocks with four replications. Each replication consisted of six 5-m rows spaced 0.5 m apart. Seed inoculation variants were: noninoculated control (Ø); inoculation with NS-Nitragin for soybean (N) immediately before planting; inoculation with NS-Nitragin and BaktoFil B incorporation in soil (N+Bac.B). We monitored the effect of inoculation on soil biological activity and effectiveness of the symbiotic association. The microbial fertilizers NS-Nitragin and BactoFil B positively affected the presence of the analyzed microbial groups in the soil. The microbial fertilizers improved the agrochemical and biological properties of the soil. The incorporation of the microorganisms also affected the effectiveness of the symbiotic association. Soybean yield was highest in the variant of inoculation with NS-Nitragin and BactoFil B incorporation in the soil. .Plodnost zemljišta vezana je sa aktivnošću njene mikroflore, koja zavisi od sadržaja organske materije u zemljištu, vlažnosti zemljišta, temperature, pH sredine, mineralne ishrane, efektivnosti kvržičnih bakterija kao i od biljke domaćina. Na Oglednim poljima Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima u toku 2002 godine je postavljen ogled sa sojom (Afrodita) uz primenu mikrobiološkog đubriva NS-Nitragina i BactoFila B. Genotip soje poreklom je iz Instituta kao i mikrobiološki preparat NS-Nitragin za soju, a BactoFil B poreklom je iz Mađarske Ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u 4 ponavljanja, svako ponavljanje sadržalo je šest redova, dužine 5m, razmak između redova bio je 0,5m. Varijante inokulacije semena su bile: kontrolna (Ø) (neinokulisana); varijanta inokulisano seme neposredno pred setvu NS-Nitraginom za soju (N); inokulisano seme sa NS-Nitraginom i inkorporirani BaktoFil B u zemljište (N+Bac.B) Praćen je efekat inokulacije na biološku aktivnost zemljišta i efektivnost simbiotske zajednice. Mikrobiološka đubriva NS-Nitragin i BactoFil B utiču pozitivno na zastupljenost ispitivanih grupa mikroorganizama u zemljištu. Primenom mikrobioloških đubriva poboljšavaju se agrohemijske i biološke osobine zemljišta, unošenjem mikroorganizama koji obavljaju određene procese u zemljištu utiče se i na efektivnost simbiotske zajednice. Prinos zrna soje najveći je kod inokulacije semena sa NS-Nitraginom i inkorporiranim BactoFilom B u zemljište.

Kapacitet lokalne samouprave da poboljša poslovno okruženje: Dokazi iz Srbije

The aim of this paper is to draw attention on the need to strengthen institutional cooperation between local self-governments and the business community. The paper analyses the ability of socio-economic councils in Serbia, as a part of local governments, to improve the business environment and indicators of social status at the local level. In addition to socio-economic councils, this analysis includes the departments, divisions and offices for local economic development and their responsibilities. The results in the paper has been generated using descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test, t-test and regression analysis, based on the analysis of primary data collected in empirical research on 55 municipalities in Serbia. The fundamental results obtained using the stated analysis is that socio-economic councils have positive impact on the social and economic development in the survived municipalities. Finally, the basic conclusion from the executed research is that size of the municipality is not a limiting factor for the establishment of the socio-economic councils and their functionality.Cilj rada je skrenuti pozornost na potrebu za jačanjem institucionalne suradnje između lokalne samouprave i poslovne zajednice. Rad analizira sposobnost socioekonomskih savjeta u Srbiji, kao sastavnog dijela tijela lokalne samouprave, da unaprijedi poslovno okruženje i indikatore socijalnog statusa na lokalnoj razini. Pored socio-ekonomskih savjeta, analizom su obuhvaćeni odjeli i uredi za lokalni ekonomski razvoj i njihove nadležnosti. Rezultati istraživanja su generirani primjenom deskriptivne statistike, Hi kvadrat testa, t-testa i regresijske analize, a na temelju primarno prikupljenih podataka u empirijskom istraživanju na uzorku od 55 općina u Srbiji. Najznačajniji rezultat dobiven primjenom navedenih analiza je da socio-ekonomski savjeti imaju pozitivan utjecaj na socijalni i ekonomski razvoj u promatranim općinama. Na kraju, osnovni zaključak provedenog istraživanja je da veličina općina nije limitirajući faktor za osnivanje socio-ekonomskih savjeta i njihovu funkcionalnost

The Significance ofBacillusspp. in Disease Suppression and Growth Promotion of Field and Vegetable Crops

Bacillusspp. produce a variety of compounds involved in the biocontrol of plant pathogens and promotion of plant growth, which makes them potential candidates for most agricultural and biotechnological applications. Bacilli exhibit antagonistic activity by excreting extracellular metabolites such as antibiotics, cell wall hydrolases, and siderophores. Additionally,Bacillusspp. improve plant response to pathogen attack by triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR). Besides being the most promising biocontrol agents,Bacillusspp. promote plant growth via nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production. Antagonistic and plant growth-promoting strains ofBacillusspp. might be useful in formulating new preparations. Numerous studies of a wide range of plant species revealed a steady increase in the number ofBacillusspp. identified as potential biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters. Among different mechanisms of action, it remains unclear which individual or combined traits could be used as predictors in the selection of the best strains for crop productivity improvement. Due to numerous factors that influence the successful application ofBacillusspp., it is necessary to understand how different strains function in biological control and plant growth promotion, and distinctly define the factors that contribute to their more efficient use in the field

Pregnancy outcome during the bombing of Yugoslavia from Mart 24 to June 9, 1999

Background/Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate pregnancy outcome during the bombing of Yugoslavia in the period from March 24 to June 9, 1999. Methods. A retrospective study included a total of 81spontaneous abortion following XII gestation week, and 1448 deliveries, hospitalized in the regional hospital. The analyzed were: the incidence of spontaneous abortion, Cesarean section, post-term delivery, vaginal delivery following the previous Cesarean section within the period from March 24 to June 9, 1999, and compared to the same periods in 1998 and 2000 by the use of χ² and Kolgomorov-Smirnov tests. Results. Under the conditions of a three-month stress imposed by the bombing, significantly increased were the incidence of spontaneous abortion and vaginal delivery following the previous Cesarean section, while the incidence of Cesarean section and post-term delivery were decreased, but the incidence of perinatal outcome was paradoxically improved. The analysis of findings on admittance revealed that iterative Cesarean section was performed electively, close to the expected term of delivery, and vaginal delivery following the previous Cesarean section mainly two weeks before that term with the admittance finding confirming a high active stage pregnancy. Conclusions. Within the bombing, statistically significantly was increased the percentage of abortions after XII gestation week, and the biological duration of pregnancy was reduced. The reduced duration of pregnancy complete with the accelerated fetal mutation (also caused by the stress) resulted in better perinatal outcome, and statistically significantly lower percentage of Cesarean section

Urbano zapošljavanje u post-tranzicijskim gospodarstvima: neusklađenost vještina na lokalnom tržištu rada

The paper explores the mismatch between the skills and qualifications required by the labour market and those acquired through education and on-the-job learning. The skill mismatch in transition economies tends to be even more pronounced as the labour markets in these countries are characterized by structural unemployment, affecting both older workers with obsolete skills and the young ones. Employers face poor incentives for investing in workforce skill development, due to the inadequate investment climate and volatile business environment. Transition countries face increasing outward mobility of an educated workforce, loss of human capital, and shortage of workforce in the fields such as ICT, medicine, science and research. The research is based on empirical data generated in a survey on ICT and manufacturing enterprises in the City of Niš, Serbia. The research methodology combines workers\u27 self-assessment method for the skill gap measurement and the competence approach combined with the statistical methods. The findings indicate the presence of a qualification mismatch, in the form of the over-qualification as a dominant irregularity in the analysed labour market. The results of the study are expected to contribute to creating a network of policy instrumentaria that tend to be effective on a sub-national level in addressing the mismatch.Ovaj rad istražuje neusklađenost između vještina i kvalifikacija koje zahtijeva tržište rada i onih koje se stječu obrazovanjem i učenjem na radnom mjestu. Neusklađenost vještina u tranzicijskim gospodarstvima ima tendenciju da bude još izraženija budući da tržišta rada u tim zemljama karakterizira strukturna nezaposlenost, koja istovremeno pogađa i starije radnike sa zastarjelim vještinama i mlade. Poslodavci se suočavaju s lošim poticajima za ulaganje u razvoj vještina radne snage zbog neodgovarajuće investicijske klime i nestabilnog poslovnog okruženja. Zemlje u tranziciji suočavaju se sa sve većom vanjskom mobilnošću obrazovane radne snage, gubitkom ljudskog kapitala i nedostatkom radne snage u područjima kao što su ICT, medicina, znanost i istraživanje. Istraživanje se temelji na empirijskim podacima prikupljenim u anketi o ICT-u i proizvodnim poduzećima u gradu Nišu u Srbiji. Metodologija istraživanja kombinira metodu samoprocjene radnika za mjerenje jaza u vještinama i pristup temeljen na kompetencijama u kombinaciji sa statističkim metodama. Nalazi ukazuju na prisutnost kvalifikacijske neusklađenosti, u vidu prekvalificiranosti za posao kao dominantne nepravilnosti na analiziranom tržištu rada. Očekuje se da će rezultati studije doprinijeti stvaranju mreže političkih instrumenata koji imaju tendenciju da budu učinkoviti na podnacionalnoj razini u rješavanju neusklađenosti