Figuras da criança na sociologia da infância em Portugal

The sociology of childhood is a discipline that was born in Portugal two decades ago, since the publication of the first work that claimed to belong to this scientific area. As a discipline of the social sciences, it reflects the specificities of the social formation where it resides, as well as that of the language in which it is mostly expressed. Despite its strong articulation with the sociology of childhood developed in other linguistic universes, the theoretical work of these two decades is still defined by thematic, theoretical and methodological specificities. Rather than to present the work that has been carried out in this field of research, or to survey its productions, this article is concerned with pointing out the "child figures", that is, the constructs through which children are thought. These “figures” are the result of the theoretical work and are articulated with the normative production about children, and have an impact on policy making and on social and professional practices.La sociología de la infancia es una disciplina que tiene dos décadas de existencia en Portugal, desde la aparición del primer trabajo que se reivindica como parte de este campo científico. En tanto que disciplina de las ciencias sociales, refleja las especificidades de la formación social en la que está enraizada, así como las de la lengua en la que se expresa mayoritariamente. A pesar de su estrecho vínculo con la sociología de la infancia de otros universos lingüísticos, el trabajo teórico de estas dos décadas continúa marcado por especificidades temáticas, teóricas y metodológicas. Pero este artículo no se preocupa tanto por realizar un balance del trabajo en este campo o por presentar sus principales producciones, sino por señalar las “figuras de la infancia”. Es decir, los constructos a través de los cuales se piensan los niños y niñas, que se derivan de la producción teórica y se articulan con la producción normativa sobre ellos y ellas. Dichas figuras inciden en la elaboración de las políticas públicas y en las prácticas sociales y profesionales.A sociologia da infância é uma disciplina que em Portugal tem duas décadas de existência, desde o surgimento do primeiro trabalho que se reivindica desta área científica. Enquanto disciplina das ciências sociais não deixa de refletir as especificidades da formação social onde radica, bem como a da língua em que maioritariamente se expressa. Apesar da sua forte articulação com a sociologia da infância de outros universos linguísticos, o trabalho teórico de duas décadas não deixa de ser marcado por especificidades temáticas, teóricas e metodológicas. Mais do que fazer um balanço do trabalho no campo ou proceder ao levantamento das suas produções, este artigo preocupa-se em sinalizar as “figuras de criança”, isto é, os constructos através dos quais são pensadas as crianças, os quais emanam da produção teórica e se articulam com a produção normativa sobre as crianças, com incidência na construção das políticas públicas e nas práticas sociais e profissionais

Use of pleopod morphology to determine sexual dimorphism and maturity in hermit crabs: Isocheles sawayai as a model

In the Anomura, studies on growth patterns are infrequent, possibly because the heterogeneity of the group, especially in terms of morphology, makes it difficult to construct generalized growth models. Particularly hermit crabs are an interesting group to evaluate aspects of growth, because of their unique body. Isocheles sawayai, a hermit crab found only in the western Atlantic Ocean, poorly known with respect to its sexual dimorphism and maturity, was investigated here based on morphometry. Monthly collections (July 2001 through June 2003) were made from a shrimp fishing boat in the Caraguatatuba region on the northern coast of the state of SA o pound Paulo, Brazil. The specimens were measured and weighed, and had their sex checked. Throughout the sampling period, 374 specimens of I. sawayai were collected (11.23% nonovigerous females, 6.69% ovigerous females, 79.41% males and 2.67% intersexes). The size at which morphological sexual maturity was reached by both sexes ranged from 4.0 to 4.3 mm shield length, according to the relative growth and the size of the smallest ovigerous female. Sexual dimorphism was shown by males, which were significantly larger than females, and by differences in growth pattern between the sexes, especially for relationships that involved the pleopods, which is related to their different functions in males and females. The present study is one of the first to use pleopod morphometry to determine sexual maturity and dimorphism in hermit crabs, especially for species with intersexuality such as I. sawayai.FAPESP-Biota Program[98/070900-3

Neurological and Inflammatory Manifestations in Sjögren’s Syndrome: The Role of the Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway

For decades, neurological, psychological, and cognitive alterations, as well as other glandular manifestations (EGM), have been described and are being considered to be part of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Dry eye and dry mouth are major findings in SS. The lacrimal glands (LG), ocular surface (OS), and salivary glands (SG) are linked to the central nervous system (CNS) at the brainstem and hippocampus. Once compromised, these CNS sites may be responsible for autonomic and functional disturbances that are related to major and EGM in SS. Recent studies have confirmed that the kynurenine metabolic pathway (KP) can be stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and other cytokines, activating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in SS. This pathway interferes with serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, mostly in the hippocampus and other structures of the CNS. Therefore, it is plausible that KP induces neurological manifestations and contributes to the discrepancy between symptoms and signs, including manifestations of hyperalgesia and depression in SS patients with weaker signs of sicca, for example. Observations from clinical studies in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), graft-versus-host disease, and lupus, as well as from experimental studies, support this hypothesis. However, the obtained results for SS are controversial, as discussed in this study. Therapeutic strategies have been reexamined and new options designed and tested to regulate the KP. In the future, the confirmation and application of this concept may help to elucidate the mosaic of SS manifestations