Ground Leasing for Housing Affordability: An Ancient Land Tenure Form Reinvented

In times and places of escalating land costs, removing land from the speculative market may be one way to stem its rising costs in the housing cost equation. Bifurcation of property ownership – separating ownership of the land from ownership of the housing atop it - has been touted as an effective land reform measure that can engender durable affordability. A ground lease ties the land owner to the user. In terms of affordable housing, the land owner imposes affordability controls on the user, including the prospect of lease term renewals for continued affordability. Ground leasing’s roots are embedded in English common law dating back to feudalism, the Norman Occupation, and the Magna Carta. An ancient land control device, ground leasing today has been reinterpreted as a modern land reform strategy that can convert subsidy to a form of community equity. This thesis examines the effectiveness of ground leasing, or a variation thereof, as a mechanism to promote durable housing affordability especially for lower and moderate income workforce households. Five factors for assessing ground leasing’s effectiveness are developed: affordability; efficiency (fiscal); “security, equity, and legacy”; community; and multiplicity (scale). Four ground leasing models are examined against the five evaluation factors. The four models, structured with 99-year ground leases, form a continuum of sorts: two of the models are small private nonprofit community land trusts based in the San Francisco Bay Area; one focuses on affordable homeownership (Housing Land Trust of Sonoma County); the second is a hybrid model involving master leasing of multifamily rental-type units with the goal of creating limited equity coops or nonprofit resident-ownership (San Francisco Community Land Trust); the third and fourth models involve public ground leasing – one is a public housing authority with the aim of privatizing its public housing units (San Francisco Housing Authority working with the Mayor’s Office of Housing and Community Development); and the other is an international model, the Singapore public housing system, which boasts an impressive portfolio of mostly ownership housing. The conclusion reached is that ground leasing is effective though not perfect in creating long-term, if not perpetual affordability. Overall, continued housing affordability is generally maintained. Fiscal frugality is not necessarily achieved, though the land component, having been removed from the market, no longer requires additional subsidy for future transactions. The prospect of wealth accumulation is possible in the homeownership models, which are able to provide some degree of economic mobility. The development of social capital and community capacity requires an on-going commitment to stewardship to be successful. And scale may be seen as having been achieved in the public ground leasing models, but their replication to other venues remains open. An ancient land tenure form reinvented, ground leasing through innovative models that strive for perpetual affordability continue to evolve

Instructional Media Materials Used in the Physical Education Program at Eastern Illinois University 1899-1984

This study was designed to research the development of the physical education program at Eastern Illinois University relative to its use of audio visual materials. The period covered was 1899-1984. The curriculum of physical education was researched from 1899-1924 to provide background for the reporting of the early use of audio visual materials. The writer interviewed Dr . Gene W. Scholes, Director of the Audio Visual Center, and checked the Center\u27s inventory records. The writer also interviewed staff members of the Physical Education Department and thereby established that instructional media materials were used extensively in athletics and in departmental activities. This would seem appropriate since physical activities such as dance, sports and swimming are either audio or visually oriented movements and actions. The study also includes examples of physical education curriculum patterns for the years 1899-1924. Photographic samples of physical education activities, of student pictures. and of campus buildings are illustrative of the early use of audio visual materials. In recent years video-audio technology has developed in enormous dimensions, especially in the field of sports, cultural entertainment and performance. The use of special techniques in presenting games gives a much better perspective to both coaches and performers. It is expected that in the next decade, increased usage of these media will result in a noticeable improvement in the effectiveness of these individuals

Instructional Media Materials Used in the Physical Education Program at Eastern Illinois University 1899-1984

This study was designed to research the development of the physical education program at Eastern Illinois University relative to its use of audio visual materials. The period covered was 1899-1984. The curriculum of physical education was researched from 1899-1924 to provide background for the reporting of the early use of audio visual materials. The writer interviewed Dr . Gene W. Scholes, Director of the Audio Visual Center, and checked the Center\u27s inventory records. The writer also interviewed staff members of the Physical Education Department and thereby established that instructional media materials were used extensively in athletics and in departmental activities. This would seem appropriate since physical activities such as dance, sports and swimming are either audio or visually oriented movements and actions. The study also includes examples of physical education curriculum patterns for the years 1899-1924. Photographic samples of physical education activities, of student pictures. and of campus buildings are illustrative of the early use of audio visual materials. In recent years video-audio technology has developed in enormous dimensions, especially in the field of sports, cultural entertainment and performance. The use of special techniques in presenting games gives a much better perspective to both coaches and performers. It is expected that in the next decade, increased usage of these media will result in a noticeable improvement in the effectiveness of these individuals

Учетная политика системы экономической безопасности предприятия

The current realities are conditioned by the fact that the macroeconomic policy is constantly changing, which makes a direct impact on the financial and economic life of each economic entity. The economic security of each organization depends on a properly formulated policy for accounting, taxation and the development of contracts with counterparties. The relevance of the chosen topic is conditioned by the fact that the accounting policy for accounting purposes is one of the tools ensuring the economic security of an enterprise. The article discusses the tasks assigned to the accounting policy, organizational and technical trends of the accounting policy, assumptions during accounting policy development, the main trends of accounting policy development, and also presents the conclusions.Las realidades actuales están condicionadas por el hecho de que la política macroeconómica cambia constantemente, lo que tiene un impacto directo en la vida financiera y económica de cada entidad económica. La seguridad económica de cada organización depende de una política adecuadamente formulada para la contabilidad, los impuestos y el desarrollo de contratos con las contrapartes. La relevancia del tema elegido está condicionada por el hecho de que la política contable para fines contables es una de Нынешние реалии обусловлены тем, что макроэкономическая политика постоянно меняется, что оказывает непосредственное влияние на финансово-экономическую жизнь каждого субъекта хозяйствования. Экономическая безопасность каждой организации зависит от правильно сформулированной политики учета, налогообложения и разработки договоров с контрагентами. Актуальность выбранной темы обусловлена тем, что учетная политика для целей бухгалтерского учета является одним из инструментов, обеспечивающих экономическую безопасность предприятия. В статье рассматриваются задачи, поставленные перед учетной политикой, организационные и технические направления учетной политики, допущения при разработке учетной политики, основные направления развития учетной политики, а также представлены выводы. las herramientas que garantizan la seguridad económica de una empresa. El artículo analiza las tareas asignadas a la política contable, las tendencias organizativas y técnicas de la política contable, los supuestos durante el desarrollo de la política contable, las principales tendencias del desarrollo de la política contable, y también presenta las conclusiones