Sea Level Change: Mapping Danish Municipality Needs for Climate Information

Climate change will affect the coastline of the Baltic Sea through changes in sea level, storm surges and waves. In Denmark, a large part of the responsibility for climate adaptation lies with the local municipalities. The purpose of this study was to map the user needs for coastal climate change information of five municipalities in the Danish south western Baltic Sea and the Danish Coastal Authority in a cost-efficient way and to transform the mapping into local climate indicators. An interview template was customized to form the basis for telephone interviews of key stakeholders and systematic gathering of the results. The interest for the interviews was high, and response from the interviewed persons on the use of the template was very positive. During the interviews, it was clear that the municipalities have access to extensive information on the population and infrastructure, as well as detailed geographical information. The main interests were in very high quality storm surge warnings and present day and future extreme sea level and wave heights. This should be based on modeling of past storm surges and future changes, taking observations, and historical records into account. There was a big need for more detailed information than presently available, and for common scenarios, which will help the collaboration between municipalities. Within this study, the user requirements were used to define targeted climate indicators. Within the C3S CODEC project, the indicators will be provided for the municipalities, based on a downscaling of European scale storm surge, and wave simulations to local scale

Mesoscale variability in the Black Sea: satellite observations and laboratory experiments

The circulation in the Black Sea is characterized by a strong basin-wide current along the shore in the cyclonic direction known as the Rim Current. Satellite and field data demonstrate that this circulation is subject to mesoscale variability in the form of meanders, intense jets, eddies and filaments. In this thesis the surface circulation of the Black Sea is simulated in the laboratory experiments and analyzed using the satellite data. This work focuses on improvement of methods for analyzing the satellite images in order to investigate the Black Sea mesoscale dynamics and to understand the physics of eddies, air-sea interaction and circulation. In this work we develop a new approach to the measurement of velocity and vorticity fields of the upper layer of the Black Sea, using direct observations made by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) during 2000-2002 years. The analysis is based on the Maximum Cross Correlation (MCC) analysis and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method. The application of these two techniques to the Black Sea investigation reveals the large scale dynamic feature of circulation, as well as many details of mesoscale vortical activity. The results demonstrate the main characteristics of the Black Sea circulation. In particular, the Black Sea Rim Current is well defined by an average velocity of 20 cm/s. The Rim Current intensifies along the Turkish coast and displays a meandering structure with essential seasonal variability. -- The unstable cyclonic boundary current was modeled in a new series of laboratory experiments on a rotating platform using a scaled model of the Black Sea. The dynamical similarity of the important dimensionless control parameters, including the normalized Rossby deformation radius, the Rossby number and the Ekman number, was satisfied in the experiments. The results demonstrate the development of baroclinic instability due to fresh water discharge imitating the river inflow in the Black Sea. Persistent transient features of the circulation, such as the so-called Batumi Eddy and the Sevastopol Eddy as well as other features, were reproduced in the experiments when the background rotation rate of the system was varied

Shoaling internal solitary waves

Internal solitary waves are encountered throughout the ocean and are a key part of coastal water dynamics. With the theoretical basis developed for infinitesimally small weakly-nonlinear waves several decades ago and a fully nonlinear theory still under development, internal waves remain on the front edge of ocean science. -- In the present study, properties of high-frequency internal solitary waves propagating in a shallow water environment are studied using both field observations and numerical simulations. An array of bottom moorings and shipboard instruments are used to track internal wave packets propagating towards the flank of the Ile-aux-Lievres Island (St. Lawrence Estuary). The transformation leading to dissipation of a wave of depression into a number of waves of elevation is documented. The observed spatio-temporal wave characteristics are compared to the first-order Korteveg-de Vries theory and a fully nonlinear two-layer theory. -- High resolution two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical simulations are performed to supplement the field observations. The focus is on the properties of internal waves of elevation (often referred to as boluses) resulting from the shoaling of the wave of depression onto a linear slope. A hypothesis that boluses play a significant role in mass transport is tested. -- This work contributes to better understanding of the mechanisms of internal wave shoaling over linear slopes. The formation of the trapped cores inside waves of elevation is demonstrated using nonhydrostatic numerical simulations. To our knowledge this is a novel result which helps to explain field and laboratory observations of trapped cores. The detailed study of the transport properties of waves of elevation is also done. A simple parametrization of the mass transport caused by waves of elevation is proposed

Isavuconazole: Thermodynamic Evaluation of Processes Sublimation, Dissolution and Partition in Pharmaceutically Relevant Media

A temperature dependence of saturated vapor pressure of isavuconazole (IVZ), an antimycotic drug, was found by using the method of inert gas-carrier transfer and the thermodynamic functions of sublimation were calculated at a temperature of 298.15 K. The value of the compound standard molar enthalpy of sublimation was found to be 138.1 ± 0.5 kJ·mol−1. The IVZ thermophysical properties—melting point and enthalpy—equaled 302.7 K and 29.9 kJ mol−1, respectively. The isothermal saturation method was used to determine the drug solubility in seven pharmaceutically relevant solvents within the temperature range from 293.15 to 313.15 K. The IVZ solubility in the studied solvents increased in the following order: buffer pH 7.4, buffer pH 2.0, buffer pH 1.2, hexane, 1-octanol, 1-propanol, ethanol. Depending on the solvent chemical nature, the compound solubility varied from 6.7 × 10−6 to 0.3 mol·L−1. The Hansen s approach was used for evaluating and analyzing the solubility data of drug. The results show that this model well-described intermolecular interactions in the solutions studied. It was established that in comparison with the van’t Hoff model, the modified Apelblat one ensured the best correlation with the experimental solubility data of the studied drug. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution and dissolution excess thermodynamic functions of IVZ were calculated in each of the solvents. Temperature dependences of the compound partition coefficients were obtained in a binary 1-octanol/buffer pH 7.4 system and the transfer thermodynamic functions were calculated. The drug distribution from the aqueous solution to the organic medium was found to be spontaneous and entropy-driven

Modeling of Magnetospheres of Terrestrial Exoplanets in the Habitable Zone around G-Type Stars

Using a paraboloid model of an Earth-like exoplanetary magnetospheric magnetic field, developed from a model of the Earth, we investigate the magnetospheric structure of planets located in the habitable zone around G-type stars. Different directions of the stellar wind magnetic field are considered and the corresponding variations in the magnetospheric structure are obtained. It is shown that the exoplanetary environment significantly depends on stellar wind magnetic field orientation and that the parameters of magnetospheric current systems depend on the distance to the stand-off magnetopause point

Experimental Examination of Solubility and Lipophilicity as Pharmaceutically Relevant Points of Novel Bioactive Hybrid Compounds

The important physicochemical properties of three novel bioactive hybrid compounds with different groups (-CH3, -F and -Cl) were studied, including kinetic and thermodynamic solubility in pharmaceutically relevant solvents (buffer solutions and 1-octanol) as well as partition coefficient in system 1-octanol/buffer pH 7.4. The aqueous solubility of these chemicals is poor and ranged from 0.67 × 10−4 to 1.98 × 10−3 mol·L−1. The compounds studied are more soluble in the buffer pH 2.0, simulating the gastrointestinal tract environment (by an order of magnitude) than in the buffer pH 7.4 modelling plasma of blood. The solubility in 1-octanol is significantly higher; that is because of the specific interactions of the compounds with the solvent. The prediction solubility behaviour of the hybrid compounds using Hansen’s three-parameter approach showed acceptable results. The experimental solubility of potential drugs was successfully correlated by means of two commonly known equations: modified Apelblat and van’t Hoff. The temperature dependencies of partition coefficients of new hybrids in the model system 1-octanol/buffer pH 7.4 as a surrogate lipophilicity were measured by the shake flask method. It was found that compounds demonstrated a lipophilic nature and have optimal values of partition coefficients for oral absorption. Bioactive assay manifested that prepared compounds showed antifungal activities equal to or greater than fluconazole. In addition, the thermodynamic aspects of dissolution and partition processes have been examined. Bioactive assay manifested that prepared compounds showed antifungal activities equal to or greater than the reference drug

Modeling of Magnetospheres of Terrestrial Exoplanets in the Habitable Zone around G-Type Stars

Using a paraboloid model of an Earth-like exoplanetary magnetospheric magnetic field, developed from a model of the Earth, we investigate the magnetospheric structure of planets located in the habitable zone around G-type stars. Different directions of the stellar wind magnetic field are considered and the corresponding variations in the magnetospheric structure are obtained. It is shown that the exoplanetary environment significantly depends on stellar wind magnetic field orientation and that the parameters of magnetospheric current systems depend on the distance to the stand-off magnetopause point

New derivatives of hydrogenated pyrido[4,3-b]indoles as potential neuroprotectors: Synthesis, biological testing and solubility in pharmaceutically relevant solvents

The derivatives of hydrogenated pyrido[4,3-b]indoles as potential neuroprotectors have been synthesized. The different substituents were introduced into position 8 of the carboline fragment of the molecule: methyl-, methoxy-, fluorine- and chlorine-. Biological tests have shown that all the studied compounds can modulate glutamate-dependent uptake of calcium ions in rats’ cerebral cortex synaptosomes. The shake-flask method was used to measure the solubility of the compounds in the buffer solution (pH 7.4), hexane and 1-octanol within the temperature interval of 293.15–313.15 К. All the derivatives have been found to have low solubility (not exceeding 8 ∙ 10−4 mole fractions) in the mentioned solvents. The effect of thermophysical and protolytic properties of the compounds on the solubility have been studied and the thermodynamic functions of compounds dissolution in the solvents used have been calculated. Keywords: Novel bioactive compounds, Neurocorrection activity, Thermophysical properties, Dissolutio