Lekovi u životnoj sredini predstavljaju globalnu pretnju ‐ stanje i perspektive

The idea on global threat from pharmaceuticals present in the environment comes from the data on their annual commercial production, which amounts to more than 4000. Sum of commercially produced pharmaceuticals for humans or animals could be expressed in hundreds of tons. After application, pharmaceuticals can be metabolized, while parent compounds and their metabolites can be released into the environment and further metabolized through biotic and abiotic processes in water, soil, or even air. Therefore, from one active pharmaceutical substance, a set of active or inactive metabolites could be produced in the environment. The concentration of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the environment ranges between ng/L to μg/L. Active substances are made purposely to be physiologically active. A single pharmaceutical or its metabolites may not cause any adverse effect. However, total amount of these substances with common mechanism of action could become a point of public concern. Moreover, low biodegradability and persistency of pharmaceuticals make them chronically toxic to ecosystem, including humans. Therefore, removal of the active pharmaceuticals and their metabolites from the environment is one of the crucial points for the policy makers, researchers, and general population. Otherwise, exposure to the set of metabolites and parent substance can occur and lead to adverse effect in humans and environment as a results of exposure to antibiotics, cytostatic, hormones, antidepressants etc..Ideja o globalnoj pretnji koju bi moglo da predstvlja prisustvo lekova u životnoj sredini dolazi od činjenice da se na godišnjem nivou komercijalno proizvede više od 4000 lekova, a količine proizvedenih supstanci koje se koriste u humanoj ili veterinarskoj medicini mere se u stotinama tona. Nakon primene, lekovi uglavnom podležu metaboličkim reakcijama, zatim se izlučuju iz organizma u životnu sredinu i dalje transformišu putem biotičkih i abiotičkih procesa u vodi, zemljištu, te i vazduhu. Iz samo jedne aktivne supstnace mogu nastati brojni aktivni ili inaktivni metaboliti prisutni u životnoj sredini. Koncentracije lekova i metabolita u životnoj sredini kreću se u opsegu od ng/L do μg/L. Imajući u vidu da su aktivne supstance lekova sintetisane sa ciljem da ispolje fiziološku aktivnost, potrebno je sagledati da iako sama supstanca i njen metaboliti neće ispoljiti štetne efekte na životnu sredinu, suma svih metabolita sa istim mehanizmom delovanja mogla bi predstavljati ozbiljnu zabrinutost od značaja sa aspekta javnog zdravlja. Dodatno, niska biorazgradljivost i perzistentnost lekova i metabolita, mogu ih činiti hronično potencijalno toksičnim za ekosistem uključujući čoveka. Na osnovu svega navedenog, smanjenje koncentracije lekova i njihovih metabolita u životnoj sredini prestavlja jednu od ključnih tački koju je potrebno da zajedno razamatraju donosioci odluka, istraživači i opšta populacija. U suprotnom, može doći do izloženosti brojnim lekovima i njihovim metabolitima i rezultirati nastankom štetnih efekata kod ljudi i u životnoj sredini usled široke upotrebe antibiotika, citostatika, hormona, antidepresiva i drugih lekova.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Корелација маркера оксидативног стреса и параметара спермограма са исходом вантелесне оплодње

Introduction/Objective The aim was to assess the effect of oxidative stress parameters on sperm count, motility, and morphology of spermatozoa, and the influence of different semen parameters on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure – the number of fertilized oocytes, fertilization, and pregnancy rate of female partners. Method In 52 male patients superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and sulfhydryl (-SH) groups were determined in serum, before beginning the IVF cycle. Semen samples were collected after 2–3 days of sexual abstinence. Results Patients were divided into two groups, the normozoospermic, and those with pathological sperm findings. The second group was divided into oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, and teratozoospermic groups. SOD activity was lower, while MDA and-SH groups, while not significantly, was higher in groups with sperm parameter disorders. Fertilization rate was significantly lower in the group of asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia (p = 0.034), as well as delivery rate (p = 0.020). The group with oligozoospermia had significantly lower delivery rate (p = 0.013). Conclusion Our study found higher fertilization and delivery rate in men with normozoospermia. However, no significant correlation between OS markers and semen parameters was found.Увод/Циљ Циљ рада била је процена утицаја параметара оксидативног стреса на број, покретљивост и морфологију сперматозоида, као и утицаја различитих параметара спер-мограма на исход поступка in vitro фертилизације, број фер-тилисаних ооцита, стопе фертилизације и порођаја.Методе Код 52 мушка партнера одређиване су вредности супероксид-дисмутазе, малондиалдехидаи сулфидрила(-SHгрупа) у серуму, пре започињања поступка in vitro ферти-лизације. Узорци семена сакупљани су после два-три дана апстиненције. Резултати Болесници су били подељени у две групе: гру-па са нормозооспермијом и група са патолошким налазом спермограма. Друга група је затим подељена на подгрупе: олигозооспермија, астенозооспермија и тератозооспер-мија. Активност супероксид-дисмутазе била је нижа, док су вредности малондиалдехидаи -SH група биле више у гру-пама са поремећеним параметрима спермограма, али не статистички значајно. Стопа фертилизације била је значајно нижа у групи са астенозооспермијом и тератозооспермијом (p = 0,034), а такође и стопа порођаја (p = 0,020). Група са олигозооспермијом имала је значајно нижу стопу порођаја (p = 0,013).Закључак У овој студији пронађене су више стопе ферти-лизације и порођаја у групи са нормозооспермијом. Није било значајне корелације између параметара оксидативног стреса и спермограма

Assessment of the socio-economic impact of the chemicals environmental contamination

Socio-economic impact analysis is one of the key components of the complex management process in which risks from environmental contamination by chemicals are identifying and assessing. Paradigm of risk assessment covers four main phases: hazard identification; examination of the relationship between chemical concentration in environment and its adverse effects; exposure assessment and finally, risk characterization. The socio-economic analysis represents the analytical base, funded on the wide body of the scientific and professional knowledge, for initiating the risk management and mitigating adverse processes in environmental contamination situations. The aim of this analysis is to develop strategy and to propose measures to overcome potential risks of environmental contamination. In the article, the specific emphasis is put on the role of the socio economic analysis in the risk management of environmental contamination by hazardous chemicals. The process of socio-economic analysis of hazardous chemicals includes identification of anthropogenic activities in which these chemicals are present, and based on that, the assessment of the environmental changes (pollution) caused by these activities and their adverse impacts on human health, on the environment and on economic development of impacted communities. Number of specific methods and indicators for measuring those effects are developed: they are mainly focused on their quantification and sometimes also on monetization, i.e. expressing them in financial terms

Socio-economic aspect of hazardous chemicals environmental impacts

The paper deals with the issue of analysis and assessment of the socio-economic impacts of environmental pollution by the hazardous chemicals. Special emphasis was placed on the effects of pollution from specific groups of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants, e.g. POPs chemicals. The characteristics of POPs, including persistence, bioaccumulation and high toxicity, are making the environmental impacts of these chemicals particularly complex and dangerous. The process of socio-economic analysis of hazardous chemicals impacts includes identifying anthropogenic activities which include dangerous chemicals; analysis their adverse effects on the environment and assessing their impacts. Number of methods and indicators for measuring of those impacts are developed in order to quantify and when possible monetize them

Toksikološki značaj i potencijalni rizik pri ekspoziciji polibromovanim difeniletrima

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent group of persistant organic chemicals (POPs), usually used as flame retardant additives in a variety of matherials and commercial products. Since 2009, PBDEs have been placed on the list of POPs chemicals, covered by Stockholm convention which is aimed to limit or ban production, use, emission, import and export of persistent organic pollutants, due to human health and environmental protection. Predominant routes of human exposure by PBDEs are ingestion by food, inhalation or dermal. Based on experimental studies, targets for PBDEs toxicity are nervous system, liver, thyroid gland and development. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) PBDEs are not classified as a carcinogens, whereas according to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) only deca BDE is classified as possible human carcinogen. So far, PBDEs have not been incoporated in national legislative framework. There are no data on environmental contamination, occupational exposure and exposure of general population. Therefore, placing the data on PBDEs in the focus of publics could contribute to the process of risk characterisation, and give directions for risk management in the Republic of Serbia.Polibromovani difeniletri (PBDEs) su hemikalije koje se dodaju različitim proizvodima kojima smo okruženi u svakodnevnom životu da bi usporili i/ili sprečili izbijanja požara. Polibromovani difeniletri su 2009. godine pridruženi listi perzistentnih organskih polutanata (POPs) usvojenoj Stokholmskom konvencijom čiji je cilj da ograniči ili zabrani proizvodnju, upotrebu, emisiju ili uvoz i izvoz toksičnih supstanci označenih kao POPs radi zaštite zdravlja ljudi i životne sredine. Do ekspozicije ljudi PBDEs može doći ingestijom, inhalacijom, dermalno. Eksperimentalne studije ukazuju da PBDEs najznačajnije toksične efekte ispoljavaju na jetru, štitnu žlezdu, nervni sistem, rast i razvoj. Međunarodna agencija za istraživanje karcinoma (IARC) ne klasifikuje PBDEs kao karcinogene za ljude, a Američka agencija za zaštitu životne sredine (EPA) klasifikuje samo dekaBDE kao moguć karcinogen za ljude. U našoj zemlji PBDEs nisu inkorporirani u nacionalnu regulativu, nema podataka o nivou zagađenja životne sredine, o sadržaju ovih jedinjenja u radnom okruženju i ekpoziciji opšte populacije, stoga bi saznanja u ovoj oblasti doprinela procesu evaluacije i karakterizacije rizika, ali i dala smernice za upravljanje rizikom PBDEs hemikalijama u Republici Srbiji

Emerging links between cadmium exposure and insulin resistance: Human, animal, and cell study data

Recent research has helped clarify the role of cadmium (Cd) in various pathological states. We have demonstrated Cd involvement in pancreatic cancer, as well as the bioaccumulation of Cd in the pancreas. Bioaccumulation and increased toxicity suggest that Cd may also be involved in other pancreas-mediated diseases, like diabetes. Cd falls into the category of "hyperglycemic" metals, i.e., metals that increase blood glucose levels, which could be due to increased gluconeogenesis, damage to β-cells leading to reduced insulin production, or insulin resistance at target tissue resulting in a lack of glucose uptake. This review addresses the current evidence for the role of Cd, leading to insulin resistance from human, animal, and in vitro studies. Available data have shown that Cd may affect normal insulin function through multiple pathways. There is evidence that Cd exposure results in the perturbation of the enzymes and modulatory proteins involved in insulin signal transduction at the target tissue and mutations of the insulin receptor. Cd, through well-described mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial damage, may also alter insulin production in β-cells. More work is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms associated with Cd-mediated insulin resistance

Oxidative Stress Markers in GnRH AgonistaAnd Antagonist Protocols in IVF

Background: Our aim was to study the effect of GnRH agonist and antagonist protocols of ovarian stimulation on oxidative stress parameters in serum and the influence of oxidative stress parameters change on the outcome of IVF cycles. Methods: This prospective study included 82 patients who under went IVF procedures. We determined SOD, MDA and SH groups in serum. Serum samples were obtained between the second and fourth day of the cycle and on the day of HCG administration during ovarian stimulation. Results: Patients were divided into two groups depending on the protocol of stimulation. The mean total and mature oocytes number and number of fertilized oocytes were higher in GnRH agonist group. There was no significant difference in biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage and live -birth rate in both groups. Mean serum SOD was significantly lower, while mean serum MDA and SH groups were significantly higher after ovarian stimulation. Delivery rate was higher in patients without OS while miscarriage rate was higher in patients with OS. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that there is a difference in the concentration of oxidative stress parameters before and after ovarian stimulation. IVF outcome is better in patients without OS after ovarian stimulation. However, the protocol of ovarian stimulation is neither associated with a change in oxidative stress parameters nor with the outcome of ART procedures

Primena imunoafinitetnih kolona u pripremi različitih uzoraka namirnica za određivanje mikotoksina

In analytical methods used for monitoring of what special attention is paid to sample preparation. Therefore, the objective of this study was testing the efficiency of immunoaffinity columns (IAC) that are based on solid phase extraction principles used for samples preparation in determining aflatoxins and ochratoxins. Aflatoxins and ochratoxins concentrations were determined in totally 56 samples of food items: wheat, corn, rice, barley and other grains (19 samples), flour and flour products from grain and additives for the bakery industry (7 samples), fruits and vegetables (3 samples), hazelnut, walnut, almond, coconut flour (4 samples), roasted cocoa beans, peanuts, tea, coffee (16 samples), spices (4 samples) and meat and meat products (4 samples). Obtained results indicate advantage of IAC use for sample preparation based on enhanced specificity due to binding of extracted molecules to incorporated specific antibodies and rinsing the rest molecules from sample which could interfere with further analysis. Additional advantage is the usage of small amount of organic solvents and consequently decreased exposure of staff who conduct micotoxins determination. Of special interest is increase in method sensitivity since limit of quantification for aflatoxins and ochratoxins determination method is lower than maximal allowed concentration of these toxines prescribed by national rule book.U analitičkim metodama koje se koriste u monitoringu posebna pažnja se pridaje pripremi uzorka, pa je i cilj ovog rada ispitivanje efikasnosti primene imunoafinitetnih kolona (IAC) za pripremu uzoraka kod određivanja aflatoksina i ohratoksina koje se zasnivaju na principu tečnočvrste ekstrakcije. Koncentracija aflatoksina i ohratoksina određivana je u ukupno 56 uzoraka različitih namirnica: pšenica, kukuruz, pirinač, ječam i ostala žita (19 uzoraka), brašno i proizvodi od brašna od žita i dodaci za pekarsku industriju (7 uzoraka), voće i povrće (3 uzorka), lešnik, orah, badem, brašno od kokosa (4 uzorka), prženi kakaovac, kikiriki, čajevi, kafa (16 uzoraka), začini (4 uzorka) i meso i proizvodi od mesa (4 uzorka). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na prednost primene IAC kolona u pripremi uzoraka, prvenstveno je postignuto povećanje specifičnosti metode usled vezivanja ekstrahovanih analita za inkorporirana specifična antitela i ispiranje ostalih komponenti uzorka, koje mogu ometati dalju analizu. Prednost je generisanje male količine otpadnih organskih rastvarača i smanjenje izloženosti osoblja koje izvodi metodu hromatografskog određivanja mikotoksina. Posebno je od značaja postignuto povećanje osetljivosti metode jer je postignuto da kvantifikacioni limiti za određivanje aflatoksina i ohratoksina budu znatno niži od maksimalno dozvoljenih koncentracija ovih jedinjenja propisanih nacionalnim pravilnikom

Detection of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid: Risk assessment for the aquatic organisms

This paper delves into a thorough risk assessment of glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), within the aquatic ecosystems of the Danube-Tisa-Danube (DTD) network, which represents large land drained system between Serbia, Hungary, and Romania. The primary objective is to employ a Toxicity and Exposure Ratio (TER) framework, encompassing both acute and chronic considerations, to comprehensively evaluate the potential risks these agrochemicals pose to aquatic organisms in the intricate hydro system of the DTD. The study integrates field data, laboratory experiments, and mathematical modeling to quantify glyphosate and AMPA exposure levels in the DTD channels. Furthermore, it explores the toxicological impacts of these substances on a diverse range of aquatic organisms, such as fish, invertebrates, and amphibians, considering acute effects arising from short-term exposure and chronic effects resulting from prolonged interactions. This research aims to provide a holistic understanding of the risk landscape associated with glyphosate and AMPA in the DTD hydro system by employing the TER approach. The findings contribute valuable insights into the potential ecological implications of herbicide usage in this critical water network, aiding regulatory decision-making and facilitating the development of targeted mitigation strategies to safeguard aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem health

Sadržaj fluorida u flaširanim mineralnim vodama Srbije

The beneficial effects of fluoride, especially in reducing dental caries, are well known (recommended value 1mg/L of drinking water). However, prolonged intake of fluoride levels exceeding 1,5 mg/L can cause detrimental effects, mostly on teeth and skeleton. Since water is one of the principal sources of fluoride intake, the objective of this study was to determine fluoride content in bottled mineral waters of Serbia. 20 samples of different bottled mineral waters produced in Serbia were analyzed. Fluoride levels were determined electrochemically, using fluoride-selective electrode, after mixing with TISAB buffer in ratio 1:1. In 3 of 20 samples of bottled mineral waters fluoride levels exceeded 1 mg/L - carbonated mineral water 'Vrnjci' (1,34 mg/L), 'Heba' (1,19 mg/L) and 'Knjaz Miloš' (1,15 mg/L). Lower fluoride content was detected in 'Voda Voda' (0,64 mg/L), 'Minaqua' (0,43 mg/L) and 'Mivela' (0,43 mg/L). Other analyzed mineral waters contained very low fluoride concentration, lower than 0,25 mg/l; 'Aqua Gala' (0,23 mg/L), 'Aqua Bella' (0,2 mg/L), 'Life' (0,19 mg/L), 'Aqua viva' (0,14 mg/L), 'Prolom voda' (0,12 mg/L), 'Vujić voda' (0,1 mg/L), 'Vrnjačko vrelo' (0,09 mg/L), 'Aqua Balkanika' (0,07 mg/L), 'Rosa'-carbonated (0,06 mg/L), 'Rosa'-non-carbonated (0,06 mg/L), 'Vrnjci'-non-carbonated (0,06 mg/L), 'Zlatibor'-carbonated (0,04 mg/L) and 'Zlatibor'-non-cabonated (0,04 mg/L). These results show that carbonated mineral water 'Vrnjci', 'Heba' and 'Knjaz Miloš' contain fluoride in concentrations similar to recommended value, so they can induce beneficial effects in reducing dental caries. Most of other analysed bottled waters contain very low fluoride concetrations, indicating that the consumers of those waters need additional fluoride intake via food or fluoride preparations.Pozitivni efekti fluorida, naročito u suzbijanju karijesa, dobro su poznati (preporučeni sadržaj u pijaćoj vodi iznosi 1 mg/L). Međutim, produženi unos fluorida, u koncentracijama višim od 1,5 mg/L vode može dovesti do neželjenih efekata, koji se ispoljavaju uglavnom na zubima i skeletu. Obzirom da je voda jedan od najznačajnijih izvora unošenja fluorida, cilj ovog rada je bio određivanje sadržaja fluorida u flaširanim mineralnim vodama Srbije. Analizirano je 20 uzoraka flaširanih mineralnih voda proizvedenih u Srbiji. Sadržaj fluorida je određen elektrohemijski, korišćenjem fluoridne jon-selektivne elektrode. Koncentracija fluorida je viša od 1 mg/L u 3 od 20 analiziranih flaširanih mineralnih voda - u gaziranoj mineralnoj vodi 'Vrnjci' (1,34 mg/L), i vodama 'Heba' (1,19 mg/L) i 'Knjaz Miloš' (1,15 mg/L). Niži sadržaj detektovan je u mineralnim vodama 'Voda voda' (0,64 mg/L), 'Minaqua' (0,43 mg/L) i 'Mivela' (0,43 mg/L), a u izuzetno niskim koncentracijama, nižim od 0,25 mg/L, fluoridi se nalaze u mineralnim vodama 'Aqua Gala' (0,23 mg/L), 'Aqua Bella' (0,2 mg/L), 'Life' (0,19 mg/L), 'Aqua viva' (0,14 mg/L), 'Prolom voda' (0,12 mg/L), 'Vujić voda' (0,1 mg/L), 'Vrnjačko vrelo' (0,09 mg/L), 'Aqua Balkanika' (0,07 mg/L), 'Rosa'-gazirana (0,06 mg/L), 'Rosa'-negazirana (0,06 mg/L), 'Vrnjci'-negazirana (0,06 mg/L), 'Zlatibor'-gazirana (0,04 mg/L) i 'Zlatibor'-negazirana (0,04 mg/L). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da gazirana mineralna voda 'Vrnjci', 'Heba' i 'Knjaz Miloš' sadrže fluoride u koncentracijama bliskim optimalnim vrednostima, te mogu ispoljiti pozitivan efekat u prevenciji karijesa. Većina ostalih ispitivanih flaširanih voda ima veoma nizak sadržaj fluorida, pa bi osobe koje konzumiraju ovakve vode trebalo da obezbede potreban unos fluorida putem hrane ili preparata fluorida