Disparate gain and loss of parasitic abilities among nematode lineages - Fig 1

<p><b>Pictures of the head (A, C) and the middle regions (B, D) of two relatively basal representatives of the Tylenchida</b>. This speciose nematode order harbours most of the economically high impact plant-parasitic nematode species. Morphometrics of the stylet, an injection-needle like device used to puncture the plant cell wall (A, C), and the lateral field, indentations in the cuticle present in both sides of the nematode (B, D), are used for species identification. For these pictures, standard light microscopy was combined with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics (magnification: 1,000x).</p

A generalized overview of the phylogenetic relationships within the phylum Nematoda based on (nearly) full-length small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences.

<p>For clade designation, we adhered to Holterman et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185445#pone.0185445.ref007" target="_blank">7</a>]. Plant parasites are found in Clades 1, 2, 10 and 12, and icons are used to distinguish four types of plant-parasitic nematodes: ectoparasites, semi-endoparasites, migratory endoparasites, and sedentary endoparasites.</p

Taxon coverage for the four plant parasite-harboring nematode lineages.

<p>Taxon coverage for the four plant parasite-harboring nematode lineages.</p

Simplified overview of the phylogenetic relationships within the family Longidoridae (Clade 2) based on (nearly) full-length SSU rDNA sequences.

<p>For full overview see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185445#pone.0185445.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a>. Symbols behind names represent specific association with plant viruses belonging to the genus <i>Nepovirus</i>. ArMV, Arabis mosaic virus; CRLV, cherry rasp leaf virus; GFLV, grapevine fanleaf virus; PRMV, peach rosette mosaic virus; RpRSV, raspberry ringspot virus; SLRSV, strawberry latent ringspot virus; TBRV, tomato black ring virus; ToRSV, tomato ringspot virus, TRSV, tobacco ringspot virus. Only for nematode species names in bold, robust information about virus transmission could be found. An asterisk near branching pointing refers to a posterior probability > 0.95, or a bootstrap value above 65%.</p

Simplified overview of the phylogenetic relationships within the family Aphelenchoididae and (Clade 10) based on (nearly) full-length SSU rDNA sequences.

<p>For full overview see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185445#pone.0185445.s003" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a>. Plant-parasitic species are indicated in green, as well as by a plant icon in the right margin. Most non-plant-parasitic Aphelenchoididae are fungivores. A light blue background is used as an indicator for associations with insects. This may range from a simple phoretic interaction (<i>e</i>.<i>g</i>. <i>Bursaphelenchus sp</i>.) to obligate insect parasitism (<i>e</i>.<i>g</i>. <i>Entaphelenchus</i>). An asterisk near branching pointing refers to a posterior probability > 0.95, or a bootstrap value above 65%.</p