Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block using bupivacaine in goats undergoing celiotomy

IntroductionNever has the anatomy, the procedure of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, or the perioperative analgesic effects of a bupivacaine TAP block been described in goats.MethodsThis report details the relevant anatomy in a cadaveric study combined with the description/use of a TAP block in a controlled, randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study in which 20 goats with urolithiasis presenting for either ventral midline or paramedian celiotomy were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with desflurane in oxygen. An ultrasound-guided TAP block was performed using 0.25% bupivacaine (4 sites, 0.4 mL/kg each site) (bupivacaine-TAP, n = 10) or equal volume of saline (control-TAP, n = 10). When indicated, urethral amputation was performed followed by celiotomy with cystotomy or tube cystostomy. Urethrotomy was performed if warranted. Intraoperatively, a 20% increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and/or respiratory frequency was treated with an increase in desflurane concentration of 0.5 Vol.%. Goats received ketamine boluses (0.2 mg/kg IV) when moving spontaneously. At 2, 12, and 24 h post-extubation, pain was scored with a descriptive scale. Data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsBupivacaine-TAP goats exhibited lower end-tidal desflurane concentration requirements (P = 0.03), lower pain scores at 2-h post-extubation (P = 0.02), shorter anesthetic recovery times (P = 0.03) and decreased HR and MAP during surgical stimulation. Goats receiving a bupivacaine TAP block experienced less intraoperative nociceptive input requiring less inhalant anesthetic leading to faster anesthetic recoveries and decreased postoperative pain.DiscussionUltrasound-guided TAP block is a simple technique to decrease anesthetic requirement while providing additional postoperative comfort in goats undergoing celiotomy

Data_Sheet_1_Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block using bupivacaine in goats undergoing celiotomy.docx

IntroductionNever has the anatomy, the procedure of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, or the perioperative analgesic effects of a bupivacaine TAP block been described in goats.MethodsThis report details the relevant anatomy in a cadaveric study combined with the description/use of a TAP block in a controlled, randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study in which 20 goats with urolithiasis presenting for either ventral midline or paramedian celiotomy were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with desflurane in oxygen. An ultrasound-guided TAP block was performed using 0.25% bupivacaine (4 sites, 0.4 mL/kg each site) (bupivacaine-TAP, n = 10) or equal volume of saline (control-TAP, n = 10). When indicated, urethral amputation was performed followed by celiotomy with cystotomy or tube cystostomy. Urethrotomy was performed if warranted. Intraoperatively, a 20% increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and/or respiratory frequency was treated with an increase in desflurane concentration of 0.5 Vol.%. Goats received ketamine boluses (0.2 mg/kg IV) when moving spontaneously. At 2, 12, and 24 h post-extubation, pain was scored with a descriptive scale. Data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and P ResultsBupivacaine-TAP goats exhibited lower end-tidal desflurane concentration requirements (P = 0.03), lower pain scores at 2-h post-extubation (P = 0.02), shorter anesthetic recovery times (P = 0.03) and decreased HR and MAP during surgical stimulation. Goats receiving a bupivacaine TAP block experienced less intraoperative nociceptive input requiring less inhalant anesthetic leading to faster anesthetic recoveries and decreased postoperative pain.DiscussionUltrasound-guided TAP block is a simple technique to decrease anesthetic requirement while providing additional postoperative comfort in goats undergoing celiotomy.</p

Dysbiosis of the Fecal Microbiota in Cattle Infected with <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i>

<div><p>Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic, intestinal infection of cattle, caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP). It results in granulomatous inflammation of the intestinal lining, leading to malabsorption, diarrhea, and weight loss. Crohn’s disease (CD), a chronic, inflammatory gastrointestinal disease of humans, has many clinical and pathologic similarities to JD. Dysbiosis of the enteric microbiota has been demonstrated in CD patients. It is speculated that this dysbiosis may contribute to the intestinal inflammation observed in those patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity patterns of fecal bacterial populations in cattle infected with MAP, compared to those of uninfected control cattle, using phylogenomic analysis. Fecal samples were selected to include samples from 20 MAP-positive cows; 25 MAP-negative herdmates; and 25 MAP-negative cows from a MAP-free herd. The genomic DNA was extracted; PCR amplified sequenced on a 454 Roche platform, and analyzed using QIIME. Approximately 199,077 reads were analyzed from 70 bacterial communities (average of 2,843 reads/sample). The composition of bacterial communities differed between the 3 treatment groups (P < 0.001; Permanova test). Taxonomic assignment of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified 17 bacterial phyla across all samples. <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Firmicutes</i> constituted more than 95% of the bacterial population in the negative and exposed groups. In the positive group, lineages of <i>Actinobacteria</i> and <i>Proteobacteria</i> increased and those of <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Firmicutes</i> decreased (P < 0.001). <i>Actinobacteria</i> was highly abundant (30% of the total bacteria) in the positive group compared to exposed and negative groups (0.1–0.2%). Notably, the genus <i>Arthrobacter</i> was found to predominate <i>Actinobacteria</i> in the positive group. This study indicates that MAP-infected cattle have a different composition of their fecal microbiota than MAP-negative cattle.</p></div

Thermal double dendogram showing abundance of phylum Proteobacteria and <i>Actinobacteria</i> compared to phylum <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes</i> in fecal samples from the positive group.

<p>Thermal double dendogram showing abundance of phylum Proteobacteria and <i>Actinobacteria</i> compared to phylum <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes</i> in fecal samples from the positive group.</p

Box plot showing the abundance of <i>Actinobacteria</i> (%) detected in the bovine fecal samples collected from negative, exposed and positive groups.

<p>The top and bottom edges of each box correspond to the first and third quartiles of the data, respectively (25^th and 75th percentiles). The lines extend across the entire range of the data.</p

Comparison of bacterial community composition for negative, exposed and positive samples using principal coordinate analysis.

<p>a) Weighted UniFrac distances based on relative abundance of bacterial OTUs and b) Unweighted UniFrac distances based on presence/absence information of bacterial OTUs.</p

Richness and diversity metrics for fecal microbial communities of Negative, Exposed and Positive groups.

<p>a) Rarefaction curves showing the expected number of OTUs at different sequencing depth b) Boxplots showing expected number of OTUs at higher sequencing depth (232 reads per sample) c) Rarefraction curves showing the Shannon diversity values at different sequencing depth d) Boxplots showing Shannon diversity of OTUs at higher sequencing depth (232 reads per sample). α,β,γ indicates significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05;Wilcoxon test).</p

Permanova and betadisper analysis for the bacterial communities of bovine fecal samples collected from negative, exposed and positive groups.

<p>Permanova and betadisper analysis for the bacterial communities of bovine fecal samples collected from negative, exposed and positive groups.</p

Stack bar plot showing the most abundant bacterial phyla in the bovine fecal samples collected from negative, exposed and positive groups.

<p>Stack bar plot showing the most abundant bacterial phyla in the bovine fecal samples collected from negative, exposed and positive groups.</p