Graphical summary of the correlation between X and Y for the first two components.

<p>The correlation between X and Y (w*c) is represented by the loading plot. The PLS-DA model used was constructed on OSC-filtered and Pareto scaled data (N = 83; R2 = 90.7% and Q2 = 0.53), from the ¹H NMR urinary metabolic profiles from 83 pregnant women differently exposed to pesticides.</p

Flowchart of the metabolomics analysis.

<p>Flowchart of the metabolomics analysis.</p

Suggested mechanisms of action of complex and low-dose pesticide mixtures.

<p>These suggestions are based on the modification of ¹H NMR urinary metabolic profile of pregnant women.</p

Characteristics of the 83 pregnant women included in the metabolomic study by group of exposure^a.

a<p>Three groups according to the percentage of the surface of land dedicated to cereal crops in the town of residence in early pregnancy: group 0: 0–17%, group 1: >17–25% and group 2: >25%.</p>b<p>p-value of a Fisher exact test.</p>c<p>p-value of a Kruskal-Wallis test.</p

Urinary metabolites discriminated between the 3 groups of pesticide exposures (assessed from the percentage of the surface of land dedicated to cereal crops in the town of residence in early pregnancy) with a PLS-DA model including 4 latent variables on Pareto scaled data (N = 83; R2 = 90.7% and Q2 = 0.53), after an orthogonal signal correction.

<p>Abbreviation: GPC: glycerophosphocholine. The trends are observed after an OSC filtering. The significance was assessed with a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (threshold 0.05).</p

PLS-DA score plot from the ¹H NMR urinary metabolic profiles from 83 pregnant women.

<p>The score plot is the projection of the observations onto the first two latent variables. The PLS-DA model, constructed on OSC-filtered and Pareto-scaled data, includes 4 latent variables (N = 83; R2 = 90.7% and Q2 = 0.53). Three groups according to the percentage of the surface of land dedicated to cereal crops in the town of residence in early pregnancy: purple: group 0: 0–17%, green: group 1: >17–25%; orange: group 2: >25%.</p

Association between urinary metabolite changes in pregnant women and exposure to pesticides (assessed from the percentage of the surface of land dedicated to cereal crops in the town of residence in early pregnancy).

a<p>Adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity and smoking status.</p

Two-dimensional PLS-DA and PCA scores plot of pregnant rat samples integrated ¹H NMR spectra.

<p>1a: GD 15 urine samples (PLS-DA, A = 2, R2 = 94.8%, Q2 = 0.613); 1b: GD 21 plasma samples (PCA, A = 4, R2 = 72.5%); 1c: GD21 liver aqueous extract samples (PCA, A = 3, R2 = 61.6%); 1d: GD21 brain aqueous extract samples (PCA, A = 4, R2 = 72.8%). Each dot represents an observation (animal), projected onto first (horizontal axis) and second (vertical axis) PLS-DA or PCA variables. Control group is shown with black squares and the group exposed to eight pesticides widely used in Brittany (France) in 2004 (acetochlor, bromoxynil, carbofuran, chlormequat, ethephon, fenpropimorph, glyphosate, imidacloprid) is shown with red circles. The black ellipse determines the 95% confidence interval, which is drawn using Hotelling’s T2 statistic.</p

Metabolites for which the levels were significantly different between offspring from exposed and non-exposed dams.

<p>Metabolites for which the levels were significantly different between offspring from exposed and non-exposed dams.</p

Suggestion of cellular mechanisms that may be induced by the exposure of pregnant rat to a mixture of eight pesticides (acetochlor, bromoxynil, carbofuran, chlormequat, ethephon, fenpropimorph, glyphosate, imidacloprid) from GD 4 to GD 21.

<p>Suggestion of cellular mechanisms that may be induced by the exposure of pregnant rat to a mixture of eight pesticides (acetochlor, bromoxynil, carbofuran, chlormequat, ethephon, fenpropimorph, glyphosate, imidacloprid) from GD 4 to GD 21.</p