Pour une approche téléologique contractuelle internationale des conventions de juridiction

Dans un cadre mondial, les relations commerciales peuvent être soumises à la compétence d'une pluralité de juridictions, aussi, les outils juridiques permettent-ils la conclusion de conventions de juridiction. Pour autant, ils ne les qualifient pas. Ces conventions peuvent pourtant être rattachées à la matière contractuelle ainsi qu'à la matière procédurale et cette nature duale ressort de la jurisprudence nationale. La doctrine ne s'accorde pas non plus sur la qualification adéquate à retenir. Enfin, malgré l’entrée en vigueur du Règlement 1215/2012 et de la Convention de La Haye de 2005, ce caractère hybride emporte des conséquences en termes de loi applicable. Afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des conventions de juridiction et d'assurer une plus grande sécurité juridique, la thèse envisage une approche téléologique de ces conventions. Elle consiste à s'interroger sur la finalité des outils relatifs à ces dernières : de protection et de promotion des rapports commerciaux. Sur cette base, l'adoption de solutions matérielles et leur cadre juridique peuvent être envisagés.Matériellement, il s’agit de l'intérêt d'une qualification téléologique des conventions de juridiction et du choix de la qualification adéquate. Intimement liée à la qualité des parties, elle fournit l'occasion de redéfinir les critères de distinction de ces acteurs. Le cadre juridique consiste à démontrer l'intérêt d'adopter un instrument international portant une telle qualification et celui de cette qualification autonome.In international contracts, there are many potential competent jurisdictions. This leads to insecurity for contractors and can discourage the formation of international contracts altogether. Given this concern, the legal instrument will provide an agreed upon jurisdiction. However, in many instances the instrument does not specify how these jurisdictional agreements should be characterized. Such provisions could be characterized as contractual or as procedural. As a result, national jurisdictions do not all appreciate such agreements in the same way. What’s more, the legal scholars, will agree on the relevant legal characterization of these jurisdictional agreements. This problem persists despite the express statement by the Convention of 2005, and Regulation 1215/2012, that the lex fori designated by the agreement should be used in determining the substantial validity of such jurisdictional agreements. Indeed, because of this difficult characterization that influences the applicable law, in practice these jurisdictional agreements cannot produce consistent and uniform results amongst all nations. This work aims to analyze the approach of international legislation as well as European legislation. This analysis highlights the two important policy goals underlying the legislation: (1) protection of the weaker contracting party; and, (2) promotion of successful formation and enforcement of international contracts between professionals. In others words, a teleological approach. The analysis also highlights potential weaknesses in the legislative approaches discussed, and proposes potential solutions. One possible solution is material, and consists of characterizing jurisdictional agreements in accordance with the ultimate aim of international and European law. This solution should also include a new way to determine the quality of the contractors involved, since it is essential to be able distinguish and establish the quality of the contractors in these agreements. The second potential solution concerns the appropriate tool for the designation of the jurisdictional territory. This solution also proposes the best way for such designation to be made: autonomously

Pour une approche téléologique contractuelle internationale des conventions de juridiction

Dans un cadre mondial, les relations commerciales peuvent être soumises à la compétence d'une pluralité de juridictions, aussi, les outils juridiques permettent-ils la conclusion de conventions de juridiction. Pour autant, ils ne les qualifient pas. Ces conventions peuvent pourtant être rattachées à la matière contractuelle ainsi qu'à la matière procédurale et cette nature duale ressort de la jurisprudence nationale. La doctrine ne s'accorde pas non plus sur la qualification adéquate à retenir. Enfin, malgré l’entrée en vigueur du Règlement 1215/2012 et de la Convention de La Haye de 2005, ce caractère hybride emporte des conséquences en termes de loi applicable. Afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des conventions de juridiction et d'assurer une plus grande sécurité juridique, la thèse envisage une approche téléologique de ces conventions. Elle consiste à s'interroger sur la finalité des outils relatifs à ces dernières : de protection et de promotion des rapports commerciaux. Sur cette base, l'adoption de solutions matérielles et leur cadre juridique peuvent être envisagés.Matériellement, il s’agit de l'intérêt d'une qualification téléologique des conventions de juridiction et du choix de la qualification adéquate. Intimement liée à la qualité des parties, elle fournit l'occasion de redéfinir les critères de distinction de ces acteurs. Le cadre juridique consiste à démontrer l'intérêt d'adopter un instrument international portant une telle qualification et celui de cette qualification autonome.In international contracts, there are many potential competent jurisdictions. This leads to insecurity for contractors and can discourage the formation of international contracts altogether. Given this concern, the legal instrument will provide an agreed upon jurisdiction. However, in many instances the instrument does not specify how these jurisdictional agreements should be characterized. Such provisions could be characterized as contractual or as procedural. As a result, national jurisdictions do not all appreciate such agreements in the same way. What’s more, the legal scholars, will agree on the relevant legal characterization of these jurisdictional agreements. This problem persists despite the express statement by the Convention of 2005, and Regulation 1215/2012, that the lex fori designated by the agreement should be used in determining the substantial validity of such jurisdictional agreements. Indeed, because of this difficult characterization that influences the applicable law, in practice these jurisdictional agreements cannot produce consistent and uniform results amongst all nations. This work aims to analyze the approach of international legislation as well as European legislation. This analysis highlights the two important policy goals underlying the legislation: (1) protection of the weaker contracting party; and, (2) promotion of successful formation and enforcement of international contracts between professionals. In others words, a teleological approach. The analysis also highlights potential weaknesses in the legislative approaches discussed, and proposes potential solutions. One possible solution is material, and consists of characterizing jurisdictional agreements in accordance with the ultimate aim of international and European law. This solution should also include a new way to determine the quality of the contractors involved, since it is essential to be able distinguish and establish the quality of the contractors in these agreements. The second potential solution concerns the appropriate tool for the designation of the jurisdictional territory. This solution also proposes the best way for such designation to be made: autonomously

Minoan anthropomorphic figurines.

In 2 volsSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX170697 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

An Adjuvanted Polyprotein HIV-1 Vaccine Induces Polyfunctional Cross-Reactive CD4+ T Cell Responses in Seronegative Volunteers

A novel AS01-adjuvanted HIV-1 vaccine candidate consisting of a recombinant fusion protein (F4) containing 4 HIV-1 clade B antigens (Gag p24, Pol reverse transcriptase [RT], Nef and Gag p17) induced long-lasting, polyfunctional cross-reactive CD4+ T-cell responses in HIV-seronegative volunteers

Public Health Impact After the Introduction of PsA-TT: The First 4 Years.

BACKGROUND: During the first introduction of a group A meningococcal vaccine (PsA-TT) in 2010-2011 and its rollout from 2011 to 2013, >150 million eligible people, representing 12 hyperendemic meningitis countries, have been vaccinated. METHODS: The new vaccine effectiveness evaluation framework was established by the World Health Organization and partners. Meningitis case-based surveillance was strengthened in PsA-TT first-introducer countries, and several evaluation studies were conducted to estimate the vaccination coverage and to measure the impact of vaccine introduction on meningococcal carriage and disease incidence. RESULTS: PsA-TT implementation achieved high vaccination coverage, and results from studies conducted showed significant decrease of disease incidence as well as significant reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of group A meningococci in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, demonstrating the vaccine's ability to generate herd protection and prevent group A epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: Lessons learned from this experience provide useful insights in how to guide and better prepare for future new vaccine introductions in resource-limited settings

The immunogenicity and safety of a reduced PRP-content DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine when administered according to the accelerated EPI schedule

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Combination vaccines improve coverage, compliance and effectively introduce new antigens to mass vaccination programmes. This was a phase III, observer-blind, randomized study of GSK Biologicals diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine combined with hepatitis B and <it>Haemophilus influenzae </it>type b vaccines, containing a reduced amount of polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP) and a DTPw component manufactured at a different site (DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5[Kft]). The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate that DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5[Kft] was not inferior to the licensed DTPw-HBV/Hib (<it>Tritanrix</it>(tm)-HepB/<it>Hiberix</it>(tm)) vaccine or the DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5vaccine, also containing a reduced amount of PRP, with respect to the immune response to the PRP antigen, when administered to healthy infants, according to the Expanded Programme for Immunization (EPI) schedule at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>299 healthy infants were randomised to receive either DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5[Kft] DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5or DTPw-HBV/Hib according to the 6-10-14 week EPI schedule. Blood samples were analysed prior to the first dose of study vaccine and one month after the third vaccine dose for the analysis of immune responses. Solicited local and general symptoms such as pain, redness and swelling at the injection site and drowsiness and fever, unsolicited symptoms (defined as any additional adverse event) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded up to 20 weeks of age.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>One month after the third vaccine dose, 100% of subjects receiving DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5[Kft] or DTPw-HBV/Hib and 98.8% of subjects receiving DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5vaccine had seroprotective levels of anti-PRP antibodies (defined as anti-PRP antibody concentration ≥0.15 μg/ml). Seroprotective antibody concentrations were attained in over 98.9% of subjects for diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B. The vaccine response rate to pertussis antigen was at least 97.8% in each group. Overall, the DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5[Kft] vaccine was well tolerated in healthy infants; no SAEs were reported in any group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The DTPw-HBV/Hib_2.5[Kft] vaccine was immunogenic and well-tolerated when administered according to the EPI schedule to Indian infants.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><url>http://www.clinicaltrials.gov</url> NCT00473668</p

Des bibliothèques populaires à la lecture publique

Les changements politiques et socioculturels amènent au xixe siècle une demande croissante de lecture, qu’elle soit instructive ou récréative. Les bibliothèques dites « populaires » sont alors mises en place pour tenter de répondre à ces besoins. Trop laïques pour certains, trop cléricales pour d’autres, trop « populaires » enfin, leur histoire a fait l’objet d’un profond oubli pendant la longue première moitié du xxe siècle. Qui étaient les lecteurs de la France rurale, comment les publics cohabitaient-ils, pourquoi le service de prêt de livres s’est-il progressivement répandu, comment les autorités considéraient-elles ces nouvelles institutions… ? Pour la première fois, dans la continuité des travaux de Noë Richter puis du colloque, en 1984, porté par la Bibliothèque des Amis de l’Instruction du IIIe arrondissement de Paris, cette nouvelle étude scientifique rend compte de ce corpus méconnu des bibliothèques. À la fois analyse historique approfondie et investigations sociologiques sur les publics, à partir de l’examen des archives de plusieurs établissements français, cet ouvrage explore la naissance et le développement des bibliothèques dites populaires en Belgique et en Grande-Bretagne et présente une déclinaison de ce type d’établissement dans l’Argentine d’aujourd’hui. À l’heure des interrogations sur l’évolution du modèle des bibliothèques publiques, des questionnements sur leur rôle social, cet ouvrage, dirigé par Agnès Sandras, historienne et conservatrice des bibliothèques à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, rassemble les contributions d’auteurs de tous horizons (historiens, sociologues, personnels scientifiques des bibliothèques, doctorants et chercheurs confirmés…), en posant les jalons d’une recherche sur la généalogie de la lecture publique contemporaine

Primary and booster vaccination in Latin American children with a DTPw-HBV/Hib combination: a randomized controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (DTPw)-based combination vaccines are an attractive option to rapidly achieve high coverage and protection against other important pathogens, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and <it>Haemophilus influenzae </it>type B (Hib). To ensure adequate antigen supply, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals has introduced a new DTPw antigen source and developed a new DTPw-HBV/Hib combination vaccine containing a reduced amount of Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP). This study was undertaken to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of this new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine with a licensed DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine (<it>Tritanrix</it>™-HBV/Hib).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a randomized, partially-blind, multicenter study in three countries in Latin America (Argentina, Chile and Nicaragua). Healthy children received either the new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine (1 of 3 lots; n = 439; double-blind) or Tritanrix™-HBV/Hib (n = 146; single-blind) co-administered with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) at 2, 4 and 6 months, with a booster dose at 18-24 months.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>One month after the end of the 3-dose primary vaccination course, the new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine was non-inferior to Tritanrix™-HBV/Hib in terms of seroprotection/vaccine response rates for all component antigens; ≥97.3% and ≥93.9% of subjects in the two groups, respectively, had seroprotective levels of antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B and Hib and a vaccine response to the pertussis component. Persistence of antibodies against all vaccine antigens was comparable between groups, with marked increases in all antibody concentrations after booster administration in both groups. Both vaccines were generally well-tolerated as primary and booster doses.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Results confirm the suitability of this new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine comprising antigens from a new source and a reduced PRP content for inclusion into routine childhood vaccination programs.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><url>http://www.clinicaltrials.gov</url> NCT00332566</p