Effort and Comparison Income : Survey and Experimental Evidence

This paper combines ISSP survey data and experimental evidence from a gift-exchange game to determine the effect of status or relative income on work effort. We find a strong effect of others' incomes on individual effort decisions in both datasets. The individual's rank in the income distribution has a more powerful effect on effort than does others' average income, suggesting that comparisons are more ordinal than cardinal. We further show that, controlling for own income and income rank, the width of the relevant income distribution matters, with effort increasing in the distance from the bottom of the income distribution. Last, effort is also affected by comparisons over time: those who received higher income offers or had higher income rank in the past exert lower levels of effort for a given current incomecomparison income ; effort ; experiment ; income distribution ; peak-end ; rank

Effort and comparison income: experimental and survey evidence

The authors test the hypothesis that individual effort on the job depends both on one's own income and on the individual's position in the relevant income distribution. Combining experimental evidence from a gift-exchange game with multi-country ISSP survey data, they analyze the extent to which relative income affects an individual's effort, finding that an individual's rank in the income distribution more strongly determines effort than does others' average income, which suggests that comparisons are more ordinal than cardinal. Their experiment also reveals that comparisons over time affect effort: individuals who received higher income offers or enjoyed higher income rank in the past exerted lower levels of effort for a given current income and rank.Experimental economics ; personnel economics ; comparison income

An Exploratory Study of Black and White College Students on the Hand Test

In the past Blacks have not been used in the construction or development of norms for psychological tests, though they are routinely administered to Blacks. Several researchers have made an effort to determine whether tests which have been standardized on White subjects are applicable to Blacks (Megargee, 1966; Johnson & Sikes, 1965; Mussen, 1953). These authors found that differences in personality of Blacks and Whites on personality tests should not be used to make inferences unless the two groups are matched on a number of prominent variables. In general, the research suggests that there are significant differences between Black and White subjects and tests that were standardized on the White population may be applied to both groups in certain clinical settings (e.g., incarcerated individuals and delinquents). The present study was concerned with racial differences in projective test responses. To explore Black and White differences, the Hand Test (Wagner, 1962) was administered to 50 Black, 29 male and 21 female, (mean age 21.5) and 50 White, 20 male and 30 female, (mean age 22.2) volunteer college students, from the population of Eastern Illinois University. Each student was individually administered the Hand Test according to standardized instructions and the responses recorded verbatim. Results indicated there were significant differences on 19 of the 27 investigated variables. These variables were: Affection, Communication, Direction, Aggression, Sum of interpersonal Responses, Crippled, Sum of Maladjustive Responses, Description, Failure, Sum of Withdrawal Responses, High minus Low, Pathology, Emulation, and Acting Out Score. These results are consistent with previous research (Megargee, 1966; Johnson & Sikes, 1965; Mussen, 1953; Gynther, 1971) which have shown there are marked differences to be found between Blacks and Whites even when little or no control is used. From the results obtained in this study, it appears that separate norms are needed for Blacks and Whites; although it is cautioned that, due to a lack of control, further research is needed

Does the Family Investment Hypothesis Explain Immigrant Labor Market Activity?

No abstract.

Alien Registration- Clark, Marie (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/22144/thumbnail.jp

The origins of heterosexist attitudes among young children

textStereotyping and prejudice on the basis of sexual orientation are common among adolescents and adults. Although empirical data on the topic are lacking, theoretical work indicates that such biases are likely to emerge in childhood. Children attend to gender and the distribution of genders into roles--including familial roles--by three years of age. Furthermore, young children's limited cognitive skills, and a reliance on the inherence heuristic, lead to especially strong endorsement of many forms of stereotypes and prejudices. The primary goal of this thesis was to test theoretically derived hypotheses concerning the emergence of, and age-related changes in, children's heterosexist views of relationships across early and middle childhood. As part of this goal, I created a reliable, valid, and practical measure of heterosexist attitudes for use with 5- to 10-year-old children. Children viewed 12 advertisements that portray diverse types of human relationships, including both same- and cross-sex couples and families, and answered questions concerning their interpretation and liking of each image. Children also completed measures of their gender stereotyping and the inherence heuristic. Participants included 72 racially diverse children from a large city in the southwest United States. Results indicated that children were much more accurate at interpreting cross-sex than same-sex romantic relationships, and girls were better at this interpretation than boys were. Children's attitudes varied as a function of whether they had accurately or inaccurately labeled the same-sex pairs; those who incorrectly interpreted the same-sex couples as heterosexual had no difference in attitudes, but the children who correctly identified the same-sex romantic pairs showed more positive attitudes towards the cross-sex than the same-sex romantic pairs. There was an interaction of participant gender and image gender for children’s attitudes; children preferred the images that matched their own gender. There were no effects of gender stereotyping on children's attitudes or interpretation. Children who interpreted the same-sex romantic pairs correctly had high levels of inherence heuristic adherence. The study was successful in creating an original measure for assessing heterosexist attitudes in young children, and this opens up many promising venues for research on the development of heterosexist attitudes in young children.Psycholog

Shifting Sources of Humanitarian Aid: The Importance of Network Resiliency and Donor Diversification

As instances of forced displacement arise and become increasingly large and prolonged around the world, large influxes of humanitarian aid have become critical in assisting host countries with crisis response. The funding required to meet the immediate, emergency needs presented by a refugee situation is filled primarily by governmental humanitarian contributions, and more specifically, by the United States. Typically, the U.S. is integral to the structure of the networks of humanitarian aid being directed towards a humanitarian response as it is the largest donor, in most cases. However, what does this reliance on U.S. funding mean for the structural integrity of these networks? What happens when the U.S. cannot or will not provide relief to humanitarian crises? I address these questions by drawing on the theory of cascading failure in social network analysis by applying it to four prominent cases of forced migration requiring large influxes of emergency humanitarian assistance. These regional cases represent increasing degrees of reliance on U.S. contributions to humanitarian response for displaced Venezuelans, Syrians, and Rohingyas, as well as the mixed-migration into Europe. Drawing on the results of the network analysis from these cases, I conclude two things. Firstly, I find, largely, humanitarian aid networks which receive a majority of their funding from the U.S. are extremely prone to collapse in the unlikely circumstance that the U.S. significantly reduces or withdraws funding. Secondly, networks which have more diversified sources of funding are less prone to collapse if a major donor “fails,” or reduces/withdraws funding. Overall, this study speaks to a larger conversation about the importance of humanitarian aid networks becoming more resilient to catastrophic shocks to the system that may come as a result of shifting sources of governmental humanitarian assistance. As the global community, and especially the United States, progress through a period of uncertainty and instability, insights on how to maintain the critical flow of aid to humanitarian crises have become all the more important

Development and Validation of a Measure for Social Support: Perceived Social Support Inventory

Abstract The literature consistently acknowledges the protective function of social support against various negative psychological and physiological outcomes (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Dunst et al., 1986; Taylor, 2011; Uchino, 2009). Further, social support can emerge from different members that comprise an individual’s social network, such as friends, family, teachers, colleagues, and members of common interest groups. Given the important role that social support plays in health outcomes, the importance of psychometrically sound measures for assessing the construct is essential for use in research and clinical settings. However, many of the current measures of social support are outdated, are limited in their psychometric properties, and fail to include several valuable sources of support. The current study sought to address these limitations through the development and validation of a new measure of social support, the Perceived Social Support Inventory