Debridement significantly increases mouse survival from subcutaneous <i>B. anthracis</i> infection.

<p>(A) Black and white photos of a single A/J mouse infected with 1×10⁵ BIG23 spores in the left ear overlaid with false-color representation of photon emission intensity as indicated by the scale on the right in p/s/cm-2/sr. At 12 hours post injection luminescent infected tissue (left photo- before) was removed (debrided) to eliminate all bacterial luminescence (right photo- after). (B to D) BIG23 spores were injected subcutaneously into the left ear of 4–12 week old A/J mice. Control mice either had their left ear unperturbed (control) or non infected tissue on the same ear was removed (cut control). Mice were then monitored for infection and dissemination using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Mice were monitored for a total of ten days post-infection (p.i.), until luminescence was detected in a major organ, or mouse appeared moribund (indicating imminent death). (B) Mice were inoculated with 1×10⁵ spores of BIG23. Luminescent tissue was debrided at 12 hours p.i. Survival data from a total of seven mice from three independent experiments were analyzed with the log rank test to determine significant differences in survival between debrided and control mice (*, p = 0.0108), and debrided and cut control mice (**, p = 0.0021). There was no statistical difference between control and cut control mice. (C) Mice were inoculated with 1×10⁶ spores of BIG23. Luminescent tissue was debrided at 12 hours p.i. Survival data was analyzed with the log rank test on a total of ten debrided mice and seven mice each for the control groups from three independent experiments to determine significant differences in survival between debrided and control mice (*, p = 0.0109) and debrided and cut control mice (**, p = 0.0026). There was no statistical difference between control and cut control mice. (D) Mice were infected with BIG23 as described above, but debridement of luminescent tissue was performed at 24, 48, or 78 hour p.i. Survival data was analyzed with the log rank test on a total of seven mice from each experimental group, with the exception of the control mice that totaled six, from three independent experiments to determine significant differences from control mice. The survival of mice debrided at 24 hours (*, p = 0.0110) and 48 hours (*, p = 0.0477) p.i. was significantly increased. The survival of mice debrided at 72 hours p.i. was not significantly different than control mice (p = 0.1734).</p

Presence of lethal factor in cervical draining lymph node does not alter cellular activation.

<p>Mice were infected with 1×10⁶ Sterne strain or TKO spores subcutaneously in the left ear. At 24 hours cLN were taken from mice including: Sterne infected mice (solid line non-shaded) along with control non-infected contralateral lymph nodes from Sterne infected mice (solid line shaded), and TKO infected (dashed line non-shaded) and control non-infected contralateral lymph nodes from TKO infected mice (dashed line shaded). cLN were homogenized and cells were stained for flow cytometry. Flow plots were gated for single event live CD45 positive cells. (A) Left- a representative histogram comparing expression of CD69 in draining cLN. Right- The mean fluorescence intensity of lymph nodes draining either Sterne (*, p = 0.0464) or TKO (*, p = 0.0256) infections from seven mice was significantly higher than contralateral control lymph nodes as determined using Student's T test. (B) Left- a representative histogram comparing expression of CD86 in draining cLN. Right- The mean fluorescence intensity of lymph nodes draining either Sterne (*, p = 0.0119) or TKO (**, p = 0.0063) infections from seven mice was significantly higher than contralateral control lymph nodes as determined using Student's T test. (C) A representative comparison of CD80 expression in draining cLN. The mean fluorescence intensity of lymph nodes draining either Sterne or TKO infections from seven mice was not significantly higher than lymph nodes that were not.</p

Anthrax-like cutaneous lesion on left check of 70-year-old male Florida resident.

<p>Anthrax-like cutaneous lesion on left check of 70-year-old male Florida resident.</p

<i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> BcFL2013 capsule. India ink stain of <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> BcFL2013 after overnight growth in defibrinated horse blood.

<p><i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> BcFL2013 capsule. India ink stain of <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> BcFL2013 after overnight growth in defibrinated horse blood.</p

Results of serological testing of specimens from 2013 Florida patient with anthrax-like cutaneous lesion.

<p>Results of serological testing of specimens from 2013 Florida patient with anthrax-like cutaneous lesion.</p

Summary of results for testing of <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> BcFL2013 compared to <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> G9241 and <i>B</i>. <i>anthracis</i> Ames.

<p>Summary of results for testing of <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> BcFL2013 compared to <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> G9241 and <i>B</i>. <i>anthracis</i> Ames.</p