Análise de domínio: um método para geração automática do modelo de features

The Software Product Line - SPL are families of software products that share characteristics but which allows a variety of electronic devices to use them, even having no compatibility with each other. However, in these projects, one of the major problems identified is the failure of the process requirements. In SPL, the Domain Engineering is responsible for the requirements, and aims to carry out the activities to collect, organize and store past experience in the development of systems or parts of a specific domain system. So if there is a failure in one of these activities will cause a ripple effect on others, jeopardizing the construction of the final product. In this context, this article describes a method for generating the feature model automatically in Software Product Lines that minimizes the problems encountered in the propagation of errors from the Domain EngineeringA Linha de Produto de Software - LPS são famílias de produto de software que compartilham características mas que permite que uma variedade de dispositivos eletrônicos os utilizem, mesmo não possuindo compatibilidade entre si. Porém, nesses projetos, um dos maiores problemas diagnosticados é a falha nos processos de requisitos. Em LPS, a Engenharia de Domínio é a responsável pelos requisitos, e tem como objetivo realizar as atividades de coletar, organizar e armazenar experiências passadas no desenvolvimento de sistemas ou partes do sistema de um domínio específico. Assim, se houver falha em uma dessas atividades vai ocasionar um efeito cascata nos demais, comprometendo a construção do produto final. Neste contexto, este artigo descreve um método para geração do modelo de features de forma automática em Linhas de Produto de Software que minimize os problemas encontrados na propagação de erros a partir da Engenharia de Domíni

O INTERESSE PELA PESQUISA UNIVERSITÁRIA: O PRODUTO DA INSERÇÃO DOS ALUNOS JOVENS TALENTOS NO PROGRAMA DE EXTENSÃO NÚCLEO EM INTERCONSULTA

Esse relato de experiência tem a finalidade de demonstrar as etapas vividas, pelos alunos do “Programa Jovens Talentos para a Ciência”, dentro de uma ação de extensão universitária na produção de conteúdos e competências para o incentivo à pesquisa.Esse programa foi criado em 2012 e seu objetivo consiste na inserção precoce dos estudantes de graduação em medicina e das demais áreas do saber em atividades de iniciação científica. A extensão universitária usa o recurso metodológico de pesquisa-ação, em campos intra e extramuros institucionais: isso se torna uma ferramenta de valor para que discentes em vivências práticas sejam instigados a focar um tema de interesse dentro de linhas de pesquisas locais, regionais, nacionais ou globais e refletir sobre como organizar um projeto de investigação em modelos com metodologia específica dentro da curiosidade eclodida no campo de atuação. A vivência despertou no grupo o interesse pela História da Saúde Pública no Brasil.Palavras-chave: "Jovens Talentos”, “Relato de Experiência”, “Interconsulta”

DESAFIOS E AVANÇOS NO COMBATE AO PAPILOMAVÍRUS HUMANO: ESTRATÉGIAS DE PREVENÇÃO E TRATAMENTO

Introduction: The association between HPV and cervical cancer began in 1949 with the Pap smear. HPV is prevalent, causing precancerous lesions in the cervix. About 600 million people globally are infected, affecting 75-80% of women. Cervical cancer ranks third in Brazil, with 15.38 cases per 100,000 women in 2021, resulting in 4.51 deaths per 100,000 women, mainly between ages 25-64. Objectives: This study aims to elucidate prevention and treatment strategies for HPV-induced cervical carcinoma. Methodology: In this integrative literature review, studies were sought in PubMed and MedLine databases using the descriptors "Human papillomavirus" AND "Cervix Uteri" AND "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms," resulting in 1,584 articles published from 2010 to 2024. After analysis, 20 articles were selected. Results and Discussion: HPV infection can progress from low-grade to high-grade lesions and eventually to cervical cancer. Viral genotype, viral load, and host immunity influence its evolution, especially in HIV patients. Other risk factors include risky sexual behavior, smoking, and absence of cytological screening. Vaccination and condom use are essential preventive measures. Treatment aims to remove visible warts and precursor lesions, including cryotherapy, topical therapy, and surgery. Since 2014, SUS offers free treatment to reduce cervical cancer incidence and associated costs. Conclusion: HPV's complexity demands comprehensive approaches: vaccination, screening, treatment access, and education are crucial. Continuous research is essential to address emerging challenges and reduce its global health threat.Introdução: A associação entre HPV e câncer cervical começou em 1949, com o exame Papanicolau. O HPV é prevalente, causando lesões pré-malignas no colo uterino. Cerca de 600 milhões de pessoas estão infectadas globalmente, afetando 75-80% das mulheres. O câncer cervical é o terceiro mais comum no Brasil, com 15,38 casos por 100 mil mulheres em 2021, resultando em 4,51 óbitos por 100 mil mulheres, principalmente entre 25-64 anos. Objetivos: Este estudo tem como objetivo esclarecer estratégias de prevenção e tratamento do carcinoma de colo uterino causado pelo Papilomavírus humano. Metodologia: Nesta revisão integrativa de literatura buscou-se estudos nos bancos de dados PubMed e MedLine, utilizando os descritores “Human papillomavirus” AND AND “Cervix Uteri” AND “Uterine Cervical Neoplasms”, que resultou em 1.584 artigos publicados de 2010 a 2024. Após análise, foram selecionados 20 desses artigos. Resultados e Discussão: A infecção pelo HPV pode progredir de lesões de baixo grau para alto grau e, eventualmente, para câncer cervical. Fatores como genótipo viral, carga viral e imunidade do hospedeiro influenciam sua evolução, especialmente em pacientes com HIV. Outros fatores de risco incluem comportamento sexual de risco, tabagismo e ausência de rastreio citopatológico. A vacinação e o uso de preservativos são medidas preventivas essenciais. O tratamento visa remover verrugas visíveis e lesões precursoras, podendo incluir crioterapia, terapia tópica e cirúrgica. O SUS oferece tratamento gratuito desde 2014, visando reduzir a incidência e os custos associados ao câncer cervical. Conclusão: A complexidade do HPV exige abordagens amplas: vacinação, rastreamento, acesso a tratamentos e educação são cruciais. Pesquisa contínua é essencial para enfrentar desafios emergentes e reduzir sua ameaça à saúde global

AS CONDUTAS DO PROFISSIONAL DE SAÚDE FRENTE A PARADA CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIA

Objective: To discuss, through the existing literature, the conduct of health professionals in the face of cardiopulmonary arrest. Methods: This is a qualitative integrative literature review. The search for works involved in the research was carried out in the following databases: SCIELO, LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE, using the health sciences descriptors: "Hospital care", "Cardiorespiratory arrest" and "Emergency". The inclusion criteria were: published between 2013 and 2023, with free access to full texts, articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish and related to the theme. Exclusion criteria were: duplicate articles, incomplete articles, abstracts, reviews, debates, articles published in event proceedings and unavailable in full. Results: It is worth noting that the health professional who is in charge of identifying CPR should perform CPR maneuvers as soon as they identify that the victim has no pulse. Conclusion: This study concluded that CPR used to be one of the main causes of death in the world, but now that there are protocols and care strategies, it is no longer as frequent a cause of death as it once was.Objetivo: Discutir por meio da literatura existente acerca das condutas do profissional de saúde frente a parada cardiorrespiratória. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura de caráter qualitativo. A busca dos trabalhos envolvidos na pesquisa foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: SCIELO, LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE, a partir dos descritores em ciências da saúde: “Assistência hospitalar”, “Parada cardiorrespiratória” e “Urgência”. Os critérios de inclusão foram: publicados no período entre 2013 e 2023, cujo acesso ao periódico era livre aos textos completos, artigos em idioma português, inglês e espanhol e relacionados a temática. Critérios de exclusão foram: artigos duplicados, incompletos, resumos, resenhas, debates, artigos publicados em anais de eventos e indisponíveis na íntegra. Resultados: Destaca-se que o profissional de saúde que estiver a frente da identificação da PCR deve realizar as manobras de RCP a partir do momento que ele identificar que a vítima não possua pulso. Conclusão: O presente estudo concluiu que a PCR antigamente era uma das principais causas de morte no mundo, visto que atualmente existem protocolos e estratégias de cuidado ela não é mais uma causa frequente de morte como antes

Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: TARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis

Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one-airway-one-disease,” coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the “Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.” This review determined that the “one-airway-one-disease” concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme “allergic” (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Identifying the research, advocacy, policy and implementation needs for the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in low- and middle-income countries

Introduction: The high burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in young children disproportionately occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The PROUD (Preventing RespiratOry syncytial virUs in unDerdeveloped countries) Taskforce of 24 RSV worldwide experts assessed key needs for RSV prevention in LMICs, including vaccine and newer preventive measures. Methods: A global, survey-based study was undertaken in 2021. An online questionnaire was developed following three meetings of the Taskforce panellists wherein factors related to RSV infection, its prevention and management were identified using iterative questioning. Each factor was scored, by non-panellists interested in RSV, on a scale of zero (very-low-relevance) to 100 (very-high-relevance) within two scenarios: (1) Current and (2) Future expectations for RSV management. Results: Ninety questionnaires were completed: 70 by respondents (71.4% physicians; 27.1% researchers/scientists) from 16 LMICs and 20 from nine high-income (HI) countries (90.0% physicians; 5.0% researchers/scientists), as a reference group. Within LMICs, RSV awareness was perceived to be low, and management was not prioritised. Of the 100 factors scored, those related to improved diagnosis particularly access to affordable point-of-care diagnostics, disease burden data generation, clinical and general education, prompt access to new interventions, and engagement with policymakers/payers were identified of paramount importance. There was a strong need for clinical education and local data generation in the lowest economies, whereas upper-middle income countries were more closely aligned with HI countries in terms of current RSV service provision. Conclusion: Seven key actions for improving RSV prevention and management in LMICs are proposed

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials