5 research outputs found
Effets multiscalaires de la fragmentation de la forĂȘt par l'amĂ©nagement forestier sur la martre d'AmĂ©rique en forĂȘt borĂ©ale de l'Est du Canada
La perte et la fragmentation de lâhabitat reprĂ©sentent un danger majeur pour les populations animales. En effet, les perturbations anthropiques toujours plus importantes
affectent les habitats et peuvent mĂȘme menacer la survie de certaines espĂšces sensibles. LâamĂ©nagement forestier, bien que crĂ©ant une perte dâhabitat temporaire, sâĂ©tend sur
dâimmenses superficies et ouvre le couvert forestier Ă des niveaux jamais expĂ©rimentĂ©s en forĂȘt borĂ©ale de lâest de lâAmĂ©rique du Nord. La martre dâAmĂ©rique (Martes americana), une espĂšce reconnue comme sensible Ă la perte et Ă la fragmentation de lâhabitat, peut servir
dâespĂšce indicatrice et guider lâamĂ©nagement forestier pour dâautres espĂšces ayant des besoins dâhabitat similaires. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait donc dâĂ©valuer les effets de la perte (proportion des coupes) et de la fragmentation de lâhabitat (dispersion des coupes et quantitĂ© des lisiĂšres crĂ©Ă©es) sur la martre, et ce, Ă diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles. Le projet a par ailleurs Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© sur le territoire de la ForĂȘt ModĂšle Crie de Waswanipi oĂč deux patrons de dispersion des coupes (agglomĂ©rĂ©es vs. dispersĂ©es) ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s, le second Ă©tant considĂ©rĂ© comme une mesure dâattĂ©nuation des impacts sur lâutilisation traditionnelle du territoire par les Cris de
Waswanipi.
Le 1er chapitre avait pour objectif dâĂ©valuer les effets de la perte et de la fragmentation de lâhabitat par lâamĂ©nagement forestier sur la martre, tant Ă lâĂ©chelle du
paysage (100-300 kmÂČ) quâĂ lâĂ©chelle des domaines vitaux (5-10 kmÂČ). Nous avons montrĂ© que lâabondance des martres diminuait de moitiĂ© dans les paysages amĂ©nagĂ©s par rapport Ă
un paysage naturel, et ce, malgrĂ© des quantitĂ©s de forĂȘts rĂ©siduelles similaires. Par contre, Ă plus fine Ă©chelle, lâoccupation des sites, lâabondance et la condition physique des martres nâĂ©taient que faiblement affectĂ©es par la perte dâhabitat. Le patron de dispersion des coupes ne
semblait pas non plus affecter lâabondance, cependant la condition physique des martres Ă©tait plus faible dans les paysages de coupes agglomĂ©rĂ©es. Nous concluons que les populations de martres sont certes sensibles Ă la rĂ©colte forestiĂšre, mais peu ou pas Ă la configuration et Ă la
quantitĂ© de coupes dans des paysages oĂč ~50% de forĂȘts rĂ©siduelles sont maintenues. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent une plus grande tolĂ©rance de la martre Ă la perte et Ă la fragmentation de lâhabitat en forĂȘt borĂ©ale que dans dâautres rĂ©gions plus mĂ©ridionales.
Dans le 2e chapitre, nous voulions vĂ©rifier si cette plus grande tolĂ©rance sâobservait aussi au niveau de lâutilisation de lâhabitat des martres Ă lâintĂ©rieur de leurs domaines vitaux. Lâobjectif Ă©tait de documenter la rĂ©ponse individuelle des martres Ă la perte et Ă la
fragmentation de lâhabitat ainsi que leur sĂ©lection dâhabitat hivernal. LĂ encore, la proportion de coupes et la dispersion de celles-ci nâinfluençaient pas la superficie des domaines vitaux. Par contre, les domaines vitaux diminuaient avec la quantitĂ© de forĂȘts mixtes, un type forestier pourtant rare dans le paysage. Lâimportance des forĂȘts mixtes pour la martre sâest confirmĂ©e Ă la fois dans sa sĂ©lection des sites utilisĂ©s Ă lâintĂ©rieur des domaines vitaux et dans le positionnement des domaines vitaux et des zones dâactivitĂ© dans le paysage. ParallĂšlement, les coupes forestiĂšres rĂ©centes Ă©taient les habitats les moins utilisĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle des domaines
vitaux, et les milieux ouverts (dont les coupes) et perturbés (routes, lisiÚres) étaient évités
dans les zones dâactivitĂ©. Ainsi, bien que la martre nâutilise pas les parterres de coupes, elle semble bien les tolĂ©rer Ă lâintĂ©rieur de leurs territoires.
Le 3e chapitre avait comme objectif dâĂ©valuer lâeffet de la crĂ©ation de lisiĂšres forĂȘt/coupe sur les mouvements de la martre. Selon la dispersion des coupes, les lisiĂšres
créées sont soit simples (coupes dispersées) soit doubles (coupes agglomérées). Les lisiÚres simples représentaient des barriÚres aux déplacements des martres, qui évitaient de
sâaventurer dans les coupes. De plus, les dĂ©placements Ă©taient plus parallĂšles Ă la lisiĂšre et plus linĂ©aires dans la zone 0-100 m que plus profondĂ©ment dans la forĂȘt. Par ailleurs, la distribution des pistes de martres par rapport Ă la lisiĂšre avait tendance Ă suivre la distribution
des pistes de proies qui étaient plus nombreuses prÚs de la lisiÚre. Les corridors forestiers (lisiÚres doubles) créaient quant à eux un effet de canalisation des mouvements et concentraient les pistes de martres.
Finalement, le 4e chapitre avait pour objectif de dĂ©velopper une vision commune (Cris-scientifiques) de la martre en forĂȘt borĂ©ale amĂ©nagĂ©e, en intĂ©grant les connaissances traditionnelles des trappeurs Cris concernant la martre, de mĂȘme que leurs perceptions des effets des coupes forestiĂšres sur cette espĂšce, avec les rĂ©sultats des 3 prĂ©cĂ©dents chapitres. La martre reprĂ©sente Ă la fois une source de revenus et un symbole du mode de vie traditionnel
pour les Cris. Les connaissances des trappeurs Cris se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es trĂšs concordantes avec nos rĂ©sultats aussi bien sur lâĂ©cologie de la martre que sur les effets des coupes sur ses populations. Nous pensons que le fait que les deux sources dâinformation (traditionnelles et scientifiques) proviennent du mĂȘme territoire dâĂ©tude a largement contribuĂ© Ă ce rĂ©sultat. Les trappeurs Cris se sont par ailleurs montrĂ©s nettement plus favorables Ă lâutilisation des coupes dispersĂ©es comparativement aux coupes agglomĂ©rĂ©es dans leurs territoires de chasse
familiaux. Cette vision commune de la martre pourrait contribuer à améliorer la compréhension mutuelle entre les Cris et les aménagistes forestiers et faciliter la gestion
collaborative de la forĂȘt dans la rĂ©gion. Bien que la martre soit plus tolĂ©rante Ă la perte et Ă la fragmentation de lâhabitat en forĂȘt borĂ©ale, il est impossible de juger si les niveaux de rĂ©tention dâhabitat imposĂ©s par la
lĂ©gislation actuelle seront suffisants Ă long terme pour maintenir cette espĂšce. MalgrĂ© le fait que les coupes dispersĂ©es nâapportent quâun faible gain Ă©cologique pour la martre, il est clair que ce type de coupe est socialement plus acceptable pour les trappeurs Cris. Alors que seule
la premiÚre passe des coupes dispersées a eu lieu pour le moment, il est temps de planifier comment se fera la 2e récolte. Nous recommandons la rétention de corridors pour conserver une connectivité pour les espÚces fauniques et la protection des peuplements mixtes qui sont fortement sélectionnés par les martres dans cette région.
Habitat loss and fragmentation represent a major threat for wildlife populations. Ongoing human disturbances affect habitat and could consequently threaten sensitive species
survival. Even though forest management creates temporal habitat loss, it covers vast areas and opens up the forest matrix to a degree not previously experienced in eastern boreal forest of North America. American marten (Martes americana) is reported as sensitive to habitat
loss and fragmentation. Marten could thus be used as focal species that could guide forest management for species having similar habitat requirements. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate effects of habitat loss (proportion of clearcuts) and fragmentation (clearcut dispersion and amount of created edges) on marten at different spatial scales. The study area was located in the Waswanipi Cree Model Forest, where two clearcut dispersion patterns
(clustered vs. dispersed) were used, the second being considered to mitigate negative impacts of forest harvesting on traditional activities of indigenous peoples.
The first chapter examined effects of habitat loss and fragmentation by forest harvesting on marten at the landscape (100-300 kmÂČ) and the home range (5-10 kmÂČ) scales.
We showed that marten abundance was two-fold higher in unharvested than in harvested landscapes, despite a similar proportion of mature forests. However, at a finer scale, marten site occupancy, abundance and body condition was only weakly affected by habitat loss. Clearcut dispersion pattern did not influence marten abundance, whereas body condition was reduced in clustered-cut landscapes. We conclude that marten populations are sensitive to
habitat loss but not to the configuration and the amount of clearcuts when ~50% residual forests are maintained in the surrounding landscape. These results suggest that marten is
more tolerant to habitat loss and fragmentation in coniferous boreal forest that in southern regions.
In the second chapter, we documented individual response to habitat loss and fragmentation as well as habitat selection within winter home ranges, in order to verify if this
greater tolerance was also found at smaller scale. Again, proportion and dispersion of clearcuts did not influence marten home range size. However, home ranges decreased with
the proportion of mixedwood forests, which are rare in the landscape. This importance of mixedwood forests for marten was confirmed by habitat selection at the home range scale as well as by home range and activity zone locations within the landscape. In parallel, recent clearcuts was the least used habitat at the home range scale and open (including clearcuts) and disturbed (roads and edges) areas were avoided in activity zones. Even though martens
did not use clearcuts, they tolerated such areas within their home ranges.
Chapter 3 evaluated effects of creating forest/clearcut edges on marten movements. Single edges were created in dispersed-cut landscapes whereas multiple edges were created in clustered-cut landscapes. Single edges represented barrier for marten movements, as they
avoided clearcuts. Moreover, movements were more parallel to the edge and more linear in the 0-100 m zone from the edge than deeper in the forest. However, marten distribution with regards to edge tended to follow prey distribution, being more abundant near edges. Forest
corridors (multiple edges) were highly used by marten (concentration effect) and movements were more linear in such habitats (canalization effect)
Site occupancy by American martens and fishers in temperate deciduous forests of Québec
Anglais
Interspecific interactions can mediate site occupancy of sympatric species and can be a key factor in habitat use patterns. American martens (Martes americana) and Fishers (Pekania pennanti) are two sympatric mesocarnivores in eastern North American forests. Due to their larger size, fishers have a competitive advantage over martens. We investigated site occupancy of martens and fishers in temperate deciduous forests of Québec, an environment modified by forest management and climate change. We formulated hypotheses on the spatial distribution of the studied species based on the knowledge of local trappers and on the scientific literature regarding forest cover composition, habitat fragmentation, and competitive relationships. We used a network of 49 camera traps monitored over two fall seasons to document site occupancy by both species. We used two-species site occupancy models to assess habitat use and the influence of fishers on martens at spatial grains of different sizes. None of the habitat variables that we considered explained site occupancy by fishers. Availability of dense old coniferous stands explained the spatial distribution of martens both at the home range grain size and at the landscape grain size. We identified the characteristics of habitat hotspots based on the knowledge of trappers, which highlighted the importance of stand composition, height, age, and canopy closure. The characteristics of habitat hotspots for martens in temperate deciduous forests refine the habitat suitability model for American martens that was originally developed for boreal forests of Québec.
Français
Les interactions interspĂ©cifiques peuvent affecter lâoccupation de sites par des espĂšces sympatriques et jouer un rĂŽle clĂ© dans leur utilisation des habitats. La martre dâAmerique (Martes americana) et le pĂ©kan (Pekania pennanti) sont deux mĂ©socarnivores sympatriques des forĂȘts de lâest de lâAmĂ©rique du Nord. En raison de sa grande taille, le pĂ©kan est un compĂ©titeur dominant de la martre. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© lâoccupation des sites par la martre et le pĂ©kan dans la forĂȘt tempĂ©rĂ©e feuillue du QuĂ©bec, un environnement modifiĂ© par lâamĂ©nagement forestier et les changements climatiques. Nous avons formulĂ© des hypothĂšses sur la rĂ©partition spatiale des espĂšces Ă©tudiĂ©es en nous basant sur les connaissances des trappeurs locaux et sur la littĂ©rature scientifique en ce qui a trait Ă la composition du couvert forestier, Ă la fragmentation de lâhabitat, et aux relations de compĂ©tition. Nous avons utilisĂ© un rĂ©seau de 49 appareils photo Ă dĂ©clenchement automatique pendant deux automnes pour documenter lâoccupation des sites par les deux espĂšces. Nous avons utilisĂ© des modĂšles dâoccupation de sites Ă deux espĂšces afin dâĂ©valuer lâeffet de la prĂ©sence du pĂ©kan sur lâutilisation de lâhabitat par la martre Ă des Ă©chelles spatiales de rĂ©solutions variables. Aucune des variables dâhabitat que nous avons prises en compte nâexplique lâoccupation des sites par les pĂ©kans. La disponibilitĂ© de vieux peuplements denses de conifĂšres explique la rĂ©partition spatiale de la martre aux Ă©chelles spatiales du domaine vital et du paysage. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un indice dâhabitat potentiel basĂ© sur les connaissances des trappeurs, qui a mis en Ă©vidence lâimportance de la composition, de la hauteur, de lâĂąge et de la densitĂ© des peuplements. Cet indice affine, pour les forĂȘts tempĂ©rĂ©es feuillues du QuĂ©bec, le modĂšle de qualitĂ© de lâhabitat de la martre dâAmĂ©rique originellement Ă©laborĂ© pour la forĂȘt borĂ©ale
Habitat, Climate, and Fisher and Marten Distributions
Since the midâtwentieth century, fisher populations (Pekania pennanti) increased in several eastern jurisdictions of North America, particularly in the northern part of the speciesâ range. Changes in fisher distribution have led to increased overlap with the southern portion of the range of American marten (Martes americana), whose populations may be locally declining. This overlap occurs particularly in habitats undergoing natural and anthropogenic modification. The objective of our study was to determine the respective effects of habitat changes and climatic conditions on fisher and marten populations in Quebec, Canada, based on trapper knowledge. We analyzed annual fisher and marten harvest (number of pelts sold/100 km2) between the 1984â1985 and 2014â2015 trapping seasons using linear mixed models. Fisher harvest increased with the increased abundance of mixed forests >12m tall, resulting from decades of forest harvesting. Fisher harvest decreased with increasing spring rains, which can affect survival when rearing young. Marten harvest decreased with increasing winter rains, which lower thermoregulation capacity and hamper movements by creating an ice crust on the snowpack, reducing access to subnivean areas. Decline in marten harvest during the 30âyear study period coincided with an increase in fisher harvest, suggesting possible interspecific competition. Results highlight that managers should strive to maintain mixedwood stands taller than 12m to maintain high quality habitat for fishers. Our study confirms the importance of working with trappers to assess furbearing population trends in response to habitat changes and climatic conditions
More fishers and fewer martens due to cumulative effects of forest management and climate change as evidenced from local knowledge
Abstract Background Monitoring of fur-bearing species populations is relatively rare due to their low densities. In addition to catch data, trappersâ experience provides information on the ecology and status of the harvested species. Fisher (Pekania pennanti) and American marten (Martes americana) are mustelids that are sensitive to forest management and therefore considered to be ecological indicators of forest health. Fisher populations have increased in eastern North America since the early 2000s and this could have resulted in a northeastern extension of the speciesâ range and increased overlap with martenâs range. Moreover, habitats of both species are subject to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The objective of this study was to document the knowledge held by local trappers in the northern area of sympatry between fisher and marten to identify factors that could explain variation in populations of the two species and interactions between them. Method Forty-one semi-directed interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous trappers in the Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue region of western Quebec (Canada), at the northern limit of the overlapping ranges of the two mustelid species. Results Trappers highlighted the lack of exclusivity of marten and fisher to coniferous forests, although marten is more closely associated with them than is fisher. Fisher apparently also takes advantage of open environments, including agroforestry systems. Moreover, climate change increases the frequency of freeze-thaw events that cause the formation of an ice crust on the snow surface, which favors fisher movements. Conclusion The fisher was identified as a competitor and even a predator of the marten. Furthermore, the fisher is less affected than the marten by forest management, and it also seems to benefit from climate change to a greater extent